Solvent mixtures, ternary

Figure 17. Distribution Coefficients of n-Pentanol between Water and Two Binary and One Ternary Solvent Mixtures Plotted against Solvent Composition...

Figure 21 A 3-D Set of Curves Relating the Retention Volume of 4-Phenyl-2-oxazolidinone to the Composition of a Ternary Solvent Mixture...

The search for a suitable electrolyte requires comprehensive studies. It is necessary to measure the conductivities of electrolytes with various solvents, solvent mixtures, and anions over the accessible concentration range of the salts, and to cover a sufficiently large temperature range and the whole composition range of the binary (or ternary) solvent mixture. Figure 11 shows, as an example, the conductivity plot of LiAsF6/GBL as a function of temperature and molality. 

Several morphological studies of polymeric microemulsion have involved graft and block PSt/PEO copolymers in ternary solvent mixtures containing toluene, water, and either an alcohol or an amine acting as a cosurfactant [57,58]. The co-emulsifier increases the dispersion capacity of the copolymers. 

Jeanes and associates23 used the ratio of the RF values of maltose and D-glucose as a criterion for choosing suitable solvent mixtures. The adaptability of ternary solvent mixtures was commended. After testing a number of mixtures made up of an alcohol (1-butanol, ethanol, or fusel oil), an acid or base, and water, as well as collidine-pyridine-water mixtures, they recommended basic mixtures, in particular, 1-butanol-pyridine-water. The composition of mixtures containing acid may change as a result of esterification. For example 1-butanol-acetic acid-water mixtures should be allowed to stand for some time before use.21 To obviate esterification of solvent, Hanes and Isherwood used ZerZ-pentyl alcohol in solvent mixtures containing acid.30... 

Estimated in the oxidation of 2,3,5,6-tetrachlorophenol Estimated in the oxidation of pentachlorophenol Estimated in the oxidation of 2,3,5,6-tetrachloroaniline Estimated in the presence of H202 Estimated in the presence of H202 Estimated in the presence of H202 Monooxygenase activity Peroxidase activity Parameters obtained from Hill equation where Km = Ku and n = 2.03 Oxidation reaction in the presence of H202 Oxidation of parathion Oxidation of styrene in ternary solvent mixtures in the presence of 200 mM of /-butyl hydroperoxide [46] [53] [53] [53] [53] [53] [53] [46] [54] [54] [55] [56] [56] [57]... 

If solute a values change by too much (leading to mixing of other bands) when solvent C is substituted for B (as in Fig. 22), fine-tune solvent selectivity by using ternary-solvent mixtures C/B/A (Fig. 22). 

Prediction of drug solubility in ternary solvent mixture. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 26, 971—973. 

Jones G. Ternary solvent mixtures for improved resolution of hydroxylated metabolites of vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 during high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr 1980 221 27-37. 

If binary or ternary solvent mixtures are used in film development or elution from a dry column, Eqs. (2-1), (2-3), and (2-6) may be rendered completely inapplicable by the phenomenon of solvent demixing. Solvent demixing refers to the selective adsorption of one solvent component as the solvent moves through the adsorbent bed, with a resulting change in solvent composition along the bed. The values of K for individual sample components are likewise different at different positions on the bed. Solvent demixing is discussed in Section 8-2. 

The dependence of e values (adsorption on polar adsorbents) on the molecular structure of the solvent is discussed in Section 8-4. The relationship between the e value of a binary or ternary solvent mixture and the e values of its constituent solvents is dealt with in Section 8-2A. A large number of binary solvent e values are tabulated in Appendix III. 

The popularity of the poly(saccharide) derivatives as chiral stationary phases is explained by the high success rate in resolving low molecular mass enantiomers. It has been estimated that more than 85% of all diversely structured enantiomers can be separated on poly(saccharide) chiral stationary phases, and of these, about 80% can be separated on just four stationary phases. These are cellulose tris(3,5-dimethylphenyl carbamate), cellulose tris(4-methylbenzoate), amylose tris(3,5-dimethylphenyl carbamate), and amylose tris(l-phenylethyl carbamate). Typically, n-hexane and propan-2-ol or ethanol mixtures are used as the mobile phase [111]. Both the type and concentration of aliphatic alcohols can affect enantioselectivity. Further mobile phase optimization is restricted to solvents compatible with the stationary phase, such as ethers and acetonitrile, as binary or ternary solvent mixtures, but generally not chloroform, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, or tetrahydrofuran. Small volumes of acidic (e.g. tri-fluoroacetic acid) or basic (n-butylamine, diethylamine) additives may be added to the mobile phase to minimize band broadening and peak tailing [112]. These additives, however, may be difficult to remove from the column by solvent rinsing to restore it to its original condition. 

Figure 1 Temperature-dependent miscibility gap of ternary solvent mixtures.

The conversion finishes after 15 s and gives 80% of product 20 at 80 °C under single-phase conditions. Cooling brings about a partition of the ternary solvent mixture. The nonpolar phase (cyclohexane) contains the product, the polar phase (propene carbonate) the catalyst. 

Variation of pH value Variation of the ternary solvent mixture... 

Test E Variation of the ternary solvent mixture. According to the standard operation procedure for sample preparation equal amounts (by volume) of CDCI3, methanol and Cs-EDTA (caesium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) solution were used. Cs-EDTA was held constant at 1 ml, CDCI3 was changed from 1 ml to 0.6 ml and MeOH from 1 ml to 1.4 ml. 

Pappa-Louisi, A. Nikitas, P. Papageorgiou, A. Optimisation of multilinear gradient elutions in reversed-phase liquid chromatography using ternary solvent mixtures. J. Chromatogr. A, 2007,1166, 126-134. 

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