Poly Phenylene Sulfide

Major polymer applications automotive lighting, ignition and braking systems, carburetor parts, fuel components, chip carriers, phone jacks, IC card connectors, transistor encapsulation, tape recorder head moimts, relay components, motor fans, coil bobbins, sockets, relay units, food choppers, steam hair drier parts, lamp sockets, microwave oven components, pump housings, impeller diffusers, oil well valves, halogen lamp sockets 

Important processing methods coating, injection molding, blending, compression molding, lamination, thermoforming 

Typical fillers calcium carbonate, talc, glass fiber, carbon fiber, PTFE, aramid fiber 

Typical concentration range glass fiber - 20-60 wt%, carbon fiber - 20-30 wt%, PTFE - 10-20 wt%, aramid fiber - 10-15 wt%, general fillers (talc, calcium carbonate) up to 65 wt% 

Special considerations glass composites have very high LOI= 47% glass fiber reinforcement increases heat deflection temperature by more than 150°C to over 260°C at 40 wt% glass fiber 

The conductivity of doped poly(3,4-dimethylpyrrole) is lOScm-1, while conductivities of poly(diphenylpyrrole) and of poly(A-methyl pyrrole) are both about 10 3 S cm-1, very much reduced from pyrrole and dimethylpyrrole. This is attributed by Street to non-planarity of the substituted polymers 393). 

Polypyrrole can be prepared with n-alkyl sulfates and sulfonates as anions 490), forming layered structures with a bilayer of the detergent separating layers of polypyrrole. 

Poly(thioether)s should not be confused with poly(sulfide)s, in that the term poly refers directly to the sulfide linkage, i.e., —Sn—, but at the same time to a polymer. These types of polymers are used in a completely different field of application, e.g., additives for elastomers, antioxidants for lubricating oils, intermediates for the production of organic chemicals, insecticides, germicides, and as an additive to diesel fuels to improve the octane number and ignition qualities of these fuels. These polymeric types are not dealt with in this chapter. 

Poly(arylene thioether ketone)s have an excellent heat resistance, but they have poor heat stability upon melting (melt stabiUty). Poly(arylene thioether ketone ketone)s, are not suitable for industrial production because particular polymerization solvents and monomers must be used.  

Poly(arylene thioether ketone ketone) has a melting point as extremely 

Bis-(pentafluorophenyl)-sulfide For poly(aryl ether sulfide)s, optical applications  

The eadiest reported reference describing the synthesis ofphenylene sulfide structures is that of Friedel and Crafts in 1888 (6). The electrophilic reactions studied were based on reactions of benzene and various sulfur sources. These electrophilic substitution reactions were characterized by low yields (50—80%) of rather poorly characterized products by the standards of 1990s. Products contained many by-products, such as thianthrene. Results of self-condensation of thiophenol, catalyzed by aluminum chloride and sulfuric acid (7), were analogous to those of Friedel and Crafts. 

The first reported assignment of the PPS structure to reaction products prepared from benzene and sulfur in the presence of aluminum chloride was made by Genvresse in 1897 (8). These products were oligomeric and contained too much sulfur to be pure PPS. Genvresse isolated thianthrene and an amorphous, insoluble material that melted at 295°C. These early synthetic efforts have been reviewed (9—11). 

The recognition that PPS had significant commercial potential as an advanced material came in the late 1940s (12). Macallum s PPS process is based on the reaction of elemental sulfur, -dichlorobenzene, and sodium carbonate in sealed vessels at 275—300°C (12). Typical products produced by the Macallum process contain more than one sulfur per repeating unit (x = 1.2-2.3)  

Dow Chemical Company purchased the rights to Macallum s patents (14), initiated a detailed study of the process and other improved syntheses of PPS in the 1950s and early 1960s, and published the results of their investigation (9,15,16). Clearly, alternative routes to PPS were desirable and the most promising of these involved the nucleophilic self-condensation of cuprous bromothiophenoxide, carried out at 200—250°C in the solid state or in the 

The main benefit of the Dow process was control of the polymer architecture. The polymer from the self-condensation process possessed a linear structure, but there were other difficulties. The monomer was cosdy and removal of the cuprous bromide by-product was difficult (17) ultimately, scale-up difficulties terminated the Dow PPS development. However, there was a growing recognition that PPS was an attractive polymer with an excellent combination of properties. 

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POLYTffiRSCONTAININGSULFUR - POLY(PHENYLENE SULFIDE)] (Vol 19) Fosamine-ammomum [25954-13-6]... 

Because the chemical stmcture of poly(phenylene sulfide) [9016-75-5] (PPS) does not fall into any of the standard polymer classes, the Federal Trade Commission granted the fiber the new generic name of Sulfar. The fiber has excellent chemical and high temperature performance properties (see... 

In addition to carbon and glass fibers ia composites, aramid and polyimide fibers are also used ia conjunction with epoxy resias. Safety requirements by the U.S. Federal Aeronautics Administration (FAA) have led to the development of flame- and heat-resistant seals and stmctural components ia civiUan aircraft cabias. Wool blend fabrics containing aramids, poly(phenylene sulfide), EDF, and other inherently flame-resistant fibers and fabrics containing only these highly heat- and flame-resistant fibers are the types most frequently used ia these appHcations. 

Acrylic ESTER POLYMERS Acrylonitrile POLYMERS Cellulose esters). Engineering plastics (qv) such as acetal resins (qv), polyamides (qv), polycarbonate (qv), polyesters (qv), and poly(phenylene sulfide), and advanced materials such as Hquid crystal polymers, polysulfone, and polyetheretherketone are used in high performance appHcations they are processed at higher temperatures than their commodity counterparts (see Polymers containing sulfur). 

Blends with good mechanical properties can be made from DMPPO and polymers with which DMPPO is incompatible if an appropriate additive, compatibilizing agent, or treatment is used to increase the dispersion of the two phases. Such blends include mixtures of DMPPO with nylon, polycarbonate, polyester, ABS, and poly(phenylene sulfide). 

Bayer marketed PPS compounds in the United States under the trade name Tedur, but the company has exited the PPS business. PPS is also marketed in the United States by GE Plastics, whose source of neat resin is Tosoh Corporation of Japan. GE Plastics markets PPS under the trade name Supec PPS. Patent activity by Tennessee Eastman describes an alternative process for the production of poly(phenylene sulfide/disulfide), although samples of such product have not appeared as of early 1996. Both Phillips and Hoechst Celanese have aimounced plans to debotdeneck their existing U.S. faciUties in order to meet anticipated market growth. 

The Eastman Chemical Company has pubHshed extensively in the patent Hterature (65—74) and the scientific Hterature (75—77) on processes for making poly(phenylene sulfide)- (9-(phenylene disulfide), and related copolymers. The Eastman process involves the reaction of elemental sulfur with Ndiiodobenzene to yield a phenylene sulfide polymer that also contains phenylene disulfide repeating units in the polymer. The fraction of repeating groups containing... 

The effect of a second polymer blended with PPS which causes enhanced nucleation of PPS has been previously observed. It was found that low concentrations (1—2 wt %) of poly(phenylene sulfide ketone) and poly(ether ether ketone), when melt-blended with PPS, function effectively to increase the nucleation density of PPS (149). 

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