Pollution control incentives

The next paragraphs discuss the inadequacy of end-of-pipe pollution control approaches, waste management hierarchy, incentives gained from adopting waste minimization practices, barriers to effective waste minimization, and applications of waste minimization programs in drilling operations. The following is a summary. 

A number of benefits of using OEC in MSW incinerators have been cited.8 The economic incentives include increased waste-processing capacity, greater thermal efficiency, increased production in a waste-to-energy facility, reduced demand on the exhaust system, and a smaller air pollution control system. Increased capacity may be particularly important for many waste processors which are at their maximum capacity, since it is usually difficult to obtain permits to build new facilities. The environmental incentives include improved ash burnout, lower hydrocarbon emissions, lower CO, greater flexibility and control, and the ability to bum low-heating-value wastes such as dewatered sludge. 

The response of governments by adopting more and tighter emissions standards for new vehicles or other incentives to stimulate the introduction of pollution controls on... 

There is no doubt that clean vehicle technology is a vital part of improving air quality. Challenges remain and call for technological answers. The job is not done Catalytic air pollution control is still an area providing a considerable incentive for iimovative work. It would be a pleasure for the organizers if the outcome of this research would be part of CAPoCS subjects. 

Cynthia L. Morgan is in the Research and Program Support Division of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Morgan s current research and policy analysis interests are in water quality regulations and economic incentives for pollution control. She received her B.S. in Finance and her M.A. in Economics from the University of North Carolina-Greensboro and her Ph.D. in Applied Economics from the University of Minnesota. 

Metal oxides are used as pigments, electrolytes, and coatings. Oxides are also intimately involved in the processes of corrosion, catalysis, energy production, and pollution control. There is therefore considerable incentive to understand oxide properties so that rational materials selection and process optimization may be undertaken. Attainment of these twin objectives increasingly entails realistic force field based atomic modeling. Applications of such methods to oxide systems are briefly reviewed. 

Financial incentives n some countries the government gives certain incentives in the form of increased depreciation allowance or tax concessions on amounts spent on equipment installed for higher energy recoveiy/efficiency, pollution control, etc. The purchaser shall find out if these incentives are still available and applicable to the new equipment. 

In the case of antiwear additives and the so-called extreme-pressure additives, the situation is more complicated the crncial reaction that leads to the production of a wear-protective layer may occur only in the case of high pressure and/or locally high temperatures. The precise modes of action of such additives, which are present in virtnally every lubricating oil, have been the topic of intensive research for several decades (see Chapter 2d). A significant incentive for such research has been the search for alternative additives that are less damaging to the pollution-control devices on modern automobiles. The commonly used zinc dialkyldithiophosphates... 

Milliman S.R. and Prince R., 1989, Firms Incentives to Promote Technological Change in Pollution Control , Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 17 247-265. 

Notwithstanding the intellectual challenges posed by the subject, the main impetus behind the development of computational models for turbulent reacting flows has been the increasing awareness of the impact of such flows on the environment. For example, incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons in internal combustion engines is a major source of air pollution. Likewise, in the chemical process and pharmaceutical industries, inadequate control of product yields and selectivities can produce a host of undesirable byproducts. Even if such byproducts could all be successfully separated out and treated so that they are not released into the environment, the economic cost of doing so is often prohibitive. Hence, there is an ever-increasing incentive to improve industrial processes and devices in order for them to remain competitive in the marketplace. 

The second problem addressed by property rules involves appropriation, or more precisely, the inability to appropriate returns on common pool resources. Absent an appropriation tool, no single individual retains an economic incentive to invest in common pool resources. Few would purchase or maintain an automobile if they could not control its subsequent use. The market gardener cares for her trees in the spring in anticipation of a harvest in the autumn. Property rules permit a person (the "owner") to appropriate the fruits of their Investment. It is thought that society generally benefits when owners Invest in their property, particularly if duties are imposed to account for negative externalities like pollution. 

Concern over the deteriorating quality of the environment has focused world-wide attention on pollution in its various forms and on industry s contribution to this problem. Because of stringent legislation, the incentive to develop pollution abatement and control technology has perhaps been greater in the United States than in other countries in North America. Over 250 pieces of pollution legislation have been passed at state and federal levels since the early 1960 s. 

Regulatory barriers. Existing regulations that have created incentives for the control and containment of wastes are at the same time discouraging the exploration of pollution-prevention alternatives. Moreover, since regulatory enforcement is often intermittent, current legislation can weaken waste-reduction incentives. 

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