Pollution carbon monoxide

The law also establishes similar programs for areas that do not meet the federal health standards for the pollutants carbon monoxide and particulate matter. Areas... 

The time-series analysis results of Merz et were expressed in first-order empirical formulas for the most part. Forecasting expressions were developed for total oxidant, carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, and hydrocarbon. Fitting correlation coefficients varied from 0.547 to 0.659. As might be expected, the best results were obtained for the primary pollutants carbon monoxide and nitric oxide, and the lowest correlation was for oxidant. This model relates one pollutant to another, but does not relate emission to air quality. For primary pollutants, the model expresses the concentrations as a function of time. 

Exposure to air pollutants can have adverse effects on human health. Exposure to one such pollutant, carbon monoxide, can result in which of the following conditions ... 

Air quality standards. The Environmental Protection Agency EPA has established health-based National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for six pollutants carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen oxide, sulfur dioxide, particulate matter, and lead. The current NAAQS are presented in Table 7.9. (US EPA, 1993). 

Regulatory Emissions of pollutants (carbon monoxide [CO], oxides of nitrogen [NOJ, hydrocarbons [HC], particulates) Fuel efficiency Greenhouse gas emissions Safety... 

Severe emission limits for motor vehicles were introduced, first in the United States and later in many other countries, starting in the mid-1960s. Meeting the increasingly stringent emission requirements in subsequent years forced the installation in motor vehicles of progressively more advanced emission control devices. The focal point of emission control is the catalytic converter, in which the desired chemical reactions occur. The pollutants carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons (he) are converted by oxidation into the desired CO2 and water ... 

The respiratory tract includes the air passages through the nose and mouth that connect to the tubing (bronchi) that lead to the lungs. Gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, and the environmentally important pollutants carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide and... 

At local and urban levels, it is essentially a question of vicinity pollution. Several air pollutants are concerned sulphur dioxide, SO2 (primary pollutant) nitrogen oxides NO (primary or secondary pollutants) particulate matter PM (primary and secondary pollutants) carbon monoxide, CO, (primary pollutant) (volatile) organic compounds, HC (or VOCs) (primary and secondary pollutants), and photochemical oxidants, O3, PAN (secondary pollutants). Organic compounds account for a wide range of hydrocarbons and are found in solid, liquid, and gas forms. 

Three-Way Conversion (TWC) Catalyst. The dual-bed method requires net fuel-rich operation of the engine and therefore lower fuel economy. Interest has heightened recently in a technique to control all three pollutants—carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, and nitrogen oxides— by maintaining the air/fuel (A/F) at near-stoichiometric ratios and by converting all pollutants over a single catalyst. A sensor is used to control the partial pressure of oxygen in the exhaust stream by feedback to a carburetion or fuel injection system (13). The increased cost of the sensor-carburetor system will be compensated for by better fuel economy,... 

Because the typical combustion gases carbon monoxide and nitrous gases do not adsorb on charcoal, special filter materials are needed for these pollutants. Carbon monoxide is usually oxidized to carbon dioxide by a catalyst, which leads to the additional restriction that a concentration of 1 vol% is not to be exceeded. 

The Glean Air Act of 1963 and amendments of 1970 and 1990 mandate monitoring of six criteria air pollutants—carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone, particulate matter, and lead— with the aim of reducing release into the... 

The following graph shows the concentration of an atmospheric pollutant, carbon monoxide, for the period 1997 2006. As shown by this graph, carbon monoxide levels have decreased in the atmosphere because of mandatory reductions legislated by the Clean Air Act. 

Since the internal combustion engine is the primary source of localized pollutant carbon monoxide emissions, control measures have been concentrated on automobiles and have been very successful in reducing carbon monoxide emissions. Carbon monoxide emissions may be lowered by employing a leaner air-fuel mixture, that is, one in which the mass ratio of air to fuel is relatively high. At air-fuel (mass mass) ratios exceeding approximately 16 1, an internal combustion engine emits virtually no carbon monoxide. Modern automobiles use catalytic exhaust reactors and precise computerized control of engine operation to cut down on carbon monoxide emissions. 

Coburn, R.F., Allen, E.R., Ayres, S.M., et al., 1977. Medical and Biological Effects of Environmental Pollutants. Carbon Monoxide. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC. 

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