Pollution carbon monoxide and

The law also establishes similar programs for areas that do not meet the federal health standards for the pollutants carbon monoxide and particulate matter. Areas... 

The time-series analysis results of Merz et were expressed in first-order empirical formulas for the most part. Forecasting expressions were developed for total oxidant, carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, and hydrocarbon. Fitting correlation coefficients varied from 0.547 to 0.659. As might be expected, the best results were obtained for the primary pollutants carbon monoxide and nitric oxide, and the lowest correlation was for oxidant. This model relates one pollutant to another, but does not relate emission to air quality. For primary pollutants, the model expresses the concentrations as a function of time. 

Severe emission limits for motor vehicles were introduced, first in the United States and later in many other countries, starting in the mid-1960s. Meeting the increasingly stringent emission requirements in subsequent years forced the installation in motor vehicles of progressively more advanced emission control devices. The focal point of emission control is the catalytic converter, in which the desired chemical reactions occur. The pollutants carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons (he) are converted by oxidation into the desired CO2 and water ... 

ERA promulgated the basic set of current ambient air-quality standards in April 1971. The specific regulated pollutants were particulates, sulfur dioxide, photochemical oxidants, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides. In 1978, lead was added. Table 25-1 enumerates the present standards. 

Pollutant Formation and Control in Flames Key combustion-generated air pollutants include nitrogen oxides (NOJ, sulfur oxides (principally SO9), particulate matter, carbon monoxide, and unburned hydrocarbons. 

The Clean Air Act of 1990 establishes tighter pollution standards for emissions from automobiles and trucks. These standards will reduce tailpipe emissions of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides on a phased-in basis beginning in model year 1994. Automobile manufacturers will also be required to reduce vehicle emissions resulting from the evaporation of gasoline during refueling. 

The increasing number of atomic reactors used for power generation has been questioned from several environmental points of view. A modern atomic plant, as shown in Fig. 28-3, appears to be relatively pollution free compared to the more familiar fossil fuel-fired plant, which emits carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, oxides of nitrogen and sulfur, hydrocarbons, and fly ash. However, waste and spent-fuel disposal problems may offset the apparent advantages. These problems (along with steam generator leaks) caused the plant shown in Fig. 28-3 to close permanently in 199T. 

Polluted air often contains carbon monoxide and volatile organic carbon (VOC) gases, including ketones and aldehydes, as well as oxides of sulfur and... 

Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) finds many applications outside the chemistry laboratory. If you ve ever had an emissions test on the exhaust system of your car, GLC was almost certainly the analytical method used. Pollutants such as carbon monoxide and unbumed hydrocarbons appear as peaks on a graph such as that shown in Figure 1.7. A computer determines the areas under these peaks, which are proportional to the concentrations of pollutants, and prints out a series of numbers that tells the inspector whether your car passed or failed the test. Many of the techniques used to test people lor drugs (marijuana, cocaine, and others) or alcohol also make use of gas-liquid chromatography. 

Ethanol, CH3CH2OH, is produced from the biological fermentation of the starches in grains, mainly corn. It currently makes up about 10% by volume of gasoline in the United States, thereby reducing pollution as well as the use of petroleum. The oxygen atom in the ethanol molecule reduces emissions of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons by helping to ensure complete combustion. One bushel of... 

The process of coke making emits particulate matters, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbon monoxide, and other pollutants. The various sources of emissions include the following ... 

Another example is the use of catalytic metals (platinum and rhodium) in the catalytic converter of a motor car. These solid metals catalyse the reaction between the pollutant gases carbon monoxide and nitrogen monoxide. 

The Clean Air Act recognizes a number of so-called primary air pollutants, and the EPA has established standards for these substances. Ozone, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxide are among these (the others are carbon monoxide and lead, discussed below, and total suspended particulates ). The EPA s standard for ozone is 0.08 parts of the gas per million parts of air (0.08 ppm), averaged over eight hours. Standards also exist for the oxides of sulfur and nitrogen. These are designed to prevent chronic respiratory toxicity of any kind. 

Kreuzer, L. B., N. D. Kenyon, and C. K. N. Patel. Air pollution Sensitive detection of ten pollutant gases by carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide lasers. Science 177 347-349. 1972. 

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