Poison hydroxylamine

Certain chemical groups, e.g., those in which an atom with unpaired electrons is directly bonded to the nucleophilic center undergoing reaction, are more reactive than others of similar basicity. This a effect has been invoked to explain the high reactivity of the poisons hydroxylamine (NH2OH) and cyanide ion4 and other puzzling results.1... 

Another form of dinitrobenzene poisoning is characterized by delayed symptoms which may appear from 1 to 3 months after exposure. Within 1-3 weeks after the first symptoms are manifested, degeneration of the liver takes place. Women are particularly liable to this form of poisoning. The illness may last for about 2 weeks in mild cases, while severe but not-fatal ones may last for 2 months. Some of the dinitrobenzene is excreted unchanged with the urine, while some of it undergoes a partial reduction in the body to a still more poisonous hydroxylamine derivative ... 

Burguet et al. investigated the catalyst decay accompanying the reaction of cyclohexanone oxime over ultrastable H-Y zeolite [58]. The basic compounds present during the reaction i. e. oxime, -caprolactam, methylpyridine, 5-cyano-pent-l-ene, hydroxylamine, and aniline were considered to be the catalyst poisons. Hydroxylamine is more basic than the other products and might be more poisonous. Hydroxylamine selectivity decreased with temperature, which could explain qualitatively the apparent decrease in the deactivation constant (k with increasing temperature. 

Bhattacharya R. 1995. Therapeutic efficacy of sodium nitrite and 4-dimethylaminophemol or hydroxylamine co-administration against cyanide poisoning in rats. Hum ExpToxicol 14 29-33. 

Kruszyna R, Kruszyna H, Smith RP. 1982. Comparison of hydroxylamine, 4-dimethylaminophenol and nitrite protection against cyanide poisoning in mice. Arch Toxicol 49 191-202. 

Any rational approach to the study of antidotes for nerve-gas poisoning must take this firm attachment into account. It has been observed that, in experiments in vitro, the D.F.P.-poisoned heart recovers to an appreciable extent in the presence of hydroxylamine. With this experiment in mind I. B. Wilson1 has examined the action of hydroxylamine derivatives and has had considerable success with nictonic hydroxamic acid meth-iodide (IV). The reaction envisaged here is a nucleophilic attack... 

Hydroxylamine is a poison by oral, subcutaneous, and intraperitoneal routes, the systemic effect being methemoglobinemia. It also is corrosive to skin and an irritant to eyes and respiratory tract. 

Further examples of the endocychc nitrone route to spirocychc adducts are the total syntheses of (—)-histrionicotoxin (230) by Holmes and of cyhndricines by Weinreb. Histrionicotoxin is one of many spiropiperidine alkaloids isolated from the poison-arrow frog Dendrobates histrionicus and has been the subject of many attempted total syntheses by a nitrone cycloaddition strategy that failed to provide the desired regioisomer, possibly through unfavorable steric interactions (265-268). Unlike these reports, Holmes and co-workers (101) found that the intermolecular reaction of nitrone (231), prepared by the 1,3-APT of the corresponding alkynyl-hydroxylamine carrying Oppolzer s chiral sultam auxiliary, afforded the styrene... 

Antidotes that remove active poison from its site of action e.g. hydroxylamine used in organophosphate anticholinesterase poisoning. 

Many poisonous substances as well as useful drugs react with PLP-requiring enzymes. Thus, much of the toxic effect of the "carbonyl reagents" hydroxylamine, hydrazine, and semicarbazide stems from their formation of stable derivatives analogous to Schiff bases with PLP. 

Poison(s). See also Insecticides, Antibiotics, Inhibitors cyanide 590 hydroxylamine 590 Polar membrane 5 Polar molecules 50 definition of 48 hydration of 50 Polarizability 590... 

Some of the factors that contribute to the internal corrosion of tin plate cans are (i) the ratio and concentrations of citric to malic acids which in turn depend upon the strain of fruit, the extent of ripeness (ii) nitrate present in the fertilizers may find its way into fruits and vegetables and the nitrate may be reduced to hydroxylamine and support the detinning process (iii) pesticides containing dithiocarbomates may find their way in and attack iron (iv) phosphates, citrates and the low pH of cola-type beverage may dissolve iron (iv) meats, fish and peas contain sulfur-bonded protein molecules, which can decompose to H2S and attack the tin and iron, forming the respective sulfides. Hydrogen sulfide can react with Sn and Fe, yielding FeS and SnS, which are not poisonous, but impart some color to the canned product. 

Figure 9.18. Reactivation of DFP-reacted cholinesterase with hydroxylamine, and stractures of the two related dmgs pralidoxime and obidoxime, which are clinically used in organophosphate poisoning.

Bhattacharya, R., Jeevaratnam, K., Raza, S.K., Dasgupta, S. (1993). Protection against cyanide poisoning by co-adminis-tration of sodium nitrite and hydroxylamine in rats. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 12 33-6. 

Other substances that have been tested in the lab on animals include stroma-free methemoglobin solutions, alpha-ketoglutaric aeid, ehlorpromazine, hydroxylamine, phenoxybenzamine, eentrophenoxine, naloxone, etomidate, para-aminopropiophenone, and calcium channel blockers (Amery et al, 1981 Ashton et al, 1980 Bright and Marrs, 1987 Budavari, 2000 Dubinsky et al, 1984 Johnson et al, 1986 Leung eta/., 1984 Ten Eyck eta/., 1985 Yamamoto, 1990). The use of these substances has shown positive results, but they have not been tried during actual poisoning situations. 

OSHA PEL TWA 0.5 mg(Ba)/m3 ACGIH TLV TWA 0.5 mg(Ba)/m3 Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen DFG MAK 0.5 mg(Ba)/m3 DOT CLASSIFICATION 6.1 Label KEEP AWAY FROM FOOD SAFETY PROFILE A poison via subcutaneous route. See also BARIUM COMPOUNDS (soluble). Combustible by spontaneous chemical reaction produces heat on contact with water or steam. Reacts with H2O, Ba(OH)2. Incompatible with H2S, hydroxylamine, N2O4, triuranium octaoxide, SO3. 

DOT CLASSIFICATION 8 Label Corrosive SAFETY PROFILE Poison by skin contact and intraperitoneal routes. Mutation data reported. A corrosive irritant to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Moderately explosive when exposed to heat or by chemical reaction. In the presence of alkalies at elevated temperatures, free hydroxylamine is liberated and may decompose explosively. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of SOx and NOx. See also AMINES and SULFATES. 

SAFETY PROFILE Poison by ingestion and inhalation. A corrosive irritant to skin, eyes (at 2 ppm), and mucous membranes. Potentially explosive reaction with chlorobenzene + sodium, dimethyl sulfoxide, molten sodium, chromyl chloride, nitric acid, sodium peroxide, oxygen (above 100°C), tetravinyl lead. Reacts with carboxylic acids (e.g., acetic acid) to form violently unstable products. Violent reaction or ignition with Al, chromium pentafluoride, diallyl phosphite + allyl alcohol, F2, hexafluoroisopropylideneaminolithium, hydroxylamine, iodine chloride, PbOa, HNO2, organic matter, potassium, selenium dioxide, sulfur acids (e.g., sulfuric acid. 

Filter off the precipitated crystals, collect them carefully, hydroxylamine is poisonous ), weigh them, and calculate the yield in per cent. Examine the shape of the crystals under a microscope. Write the equations of the reactions. 

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