Poison examination

Muramatsu and co-workers,in studies associated with livestock poisonings, examined the alkaloids of the leaves and roots of A. chinense collected at various growth stages. They reported on the levels of mesaconine (95), aconitine (21), benzoylmesaconine, and benzoylaconine (96). The highest levels of alkaloids in the roots occurred during September. For the leaves, the highest levels occurred in May and October. 

Modern Poisons examines both technical discoveries and their impacts on public... 

In most situations, adequate, usuaHy forced, ventilation is necessary to prevent excessive exposure. Persons who drink alcohol excessively or have Hver, kidney, or heart diseases should be excluded from any exposure to carbon tetrachloride. AH individuals regularly exposed to carbon tetrachloride should receive periodic examinations by a physician acquainted with the occupational hazard involved. These examinations should include special attention to the kidneys and the Hver. There is no known specific antidote for carbon tetrachloride poisoning. Treatment is symptomatic and supportive. Alcohol, oHs, fats, and epinephrine should not be given to any person who has been exposed to carbon tetrachloride. FoHowing exposure, the individual should be kept under observation long enough to permit the physician to determine whether Hver or kidney injury has occurred. Artificial dialysis may be necessary in cases of severe renal faHure. 

This tree occurs widely distributed in Africa and the bark is known under a variety of native names, e.g., sassy bark in West Africa, where it was formerly used as an ordeal poison in East and Central Africa it is said to have been an ingredient in arrow-poisons. The bark was first examined by GaUois and Hardy who isolated a toxic alkaloid, erythrophleine, which- was examined by Hamack and Zabrocki and later by Hamack, whose results differed from those of Gallois and Hardy and were generally confirmed by Power and Salway. Recently interest... 

The low yields of 6,6 -disubstituted-2,2 -bipyridincs recorded in Table I are probably the result of steric retardation of the adsorption of 2-substituted pyridines. This view is supported by the observation that 2-methylpyridine is a much weaker poison for catalytic hydrogenations than pyridine. On the other hand, the quinolines so far examined (Table II) are more reactive but with these compounds the steric effect of the fused benzene ring could be partly compensated by the additional stabilization of the adsorbed species, since the loss of resonance energy accompanying the localization of one 71-electron would be smaller in a quinoline than in a pyridine derivative. 

In all tests, the temperature in the first- and second-stage reactors was kept within the necessary temperature limits of 288°-482°C. Because the carbon monoxide concentration was low in many of the tests, the second stage was not used to full capacity as is indicated by the temperature rise in runs 23, 24, and 27. The temperature profile shows the characteristic rise to a steady value. With the space velocities used (<5000 ft3/ft3 hr), the temperature profile is fully developed in the first stage within 30.0 in. of the top of the catalyst bed. A characteristic dip in temperature was observed over the first 8-10 in. of the catalyst bed in all runs. This temperature profile may indicate the presence of deactivated catalyst in this region, but, until the catalyst can be removed for examination, the cause of the temperature drop cannot be determined. There is no evidence that this low temperature zone is becoming progressively deeper. It is possible that an unrecorded brief upset in the purification system may have poisoned some of the top catalyst layers. 

EMETICS Because treatment of poison ingestion is an emergency, the nurse immediately obtains equipment for treatment. The nurse obtains the drag, an emesis basin, towels, specimen containers for sending contents of the stomach to the laboratory for analysis, and a suction machine and places them near the patient. The nurse obtains the patient s blood pressure, pulse, and respiratory rate and performs a brief physical examination to determine what other damages or injuries, if any, may have occurred. 

In section 2.5 we have examined the effect of promoters and poisons on the chemisorption of some key reactants on catalyst surfaces.We saw that despite the individual geometric and electronic complexities of each system there are some simple rules, presented at the beginning of section 2.5 which are always obeyed. These rules enable us to make some predictions on the effect of electropositive or electronegative promoters on the coverage of catalytic reactants during a catalytic reaction. 

Different values are found in literature. Depending on the degree of exposure, periodic medical examination is suggested. The symptoms of poisoning do not become manifest until days. 

Renal Effects. Hemorrhage of the medullary layer of the kidneys was observed in an early report of three fatal cases of acute oral poisoning with endosulfan (Terziev et al. 1974). More recent studies have reported acute renal failure after ingestion of endosulfan as a major contributing cause of death in two individuals in both cases, postmortem examination showed extensive tubular necrosis (Blanco-Coronado et al. 1992 Lo et al. 1995). Neither case discussed the possible mechanism of endosulfan-induced acute renal failure, but in one case, the authors of the report indicate that the renal lesions may relate to sepsis and shock (Blanco-Coronado et al. 1992). Ingested doses were not determined in any of these cases, and it is not totally clear that the effects observed at autopsy were a direct result of endosulfan exposure, although based on results from acute animal studies, it seems likely. 

Selective media for staphylococci. It is often necessary to examine pathological specimens, food and pharmaceutical products for the presence of staphylococci, organisms which can cause food poisoning as well as systemic infections. 

Sodium or potassium severely poisons Pt-Re catalysts but the manner in Which the alhali metal operates is not apparent. The present study was designed to use ESCA to determine the valence state of Re in Pt-Re bimetallic catalysts. The valence state would be determined in san les that had been reduced and transferred to the instrument without exposure to an oxidizing atmosphere. Catalysts with and without potassium would be examined. 

The deleterious effects of catalyst poisoning when carrying out asymmetric hydrogenations at low catalyst loading caimot be overemphasised. In order to eliminate the possibility that the substrate synthesis introduced inhibitory impurities, an alternative synthetic protocol was examined (Scheme 7.4). The use of a brominating agent and an expensive palladium catalysed step in the initial route could limit the development of this as an economically favourable process and this was further motivation to examine alternative routes to the hydrogenation substrate. 

The frara-effect in co-ordination chemistry is well known however, what has not been examined in any detail is the effect of trons-molecules in heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation. In this paper we will show that trans molecules hydrogenate more slowly than other isomers and can poison reactions of species that would be expected to be more strongly bound. However, if a c/s/frans-mixture is used this strong adsorption can be disrapted. 

It is apparent that a new synthetic methodology, preferably catalytic, is needed for the synthesis of this important class of 2-(perfinoroalkyl)ethane thiols. In this context, a variety of catalysts was examined to determine if they wonld catalyze the hydrogenolysis of 2-(perfinorohexyl)ethane thiocyanate. In the conrse of this study, much to our surprise, it was discovered that a carbon supported Pd-Sn would catalyze the reaction. It is known that palladium and other group Vtll metal catalysts are poisoned by the product thiol, traces of hydrogen sulfide byproduct, and the hydrogen cyanide co-prodnct (6), but our observations are that this catalyst is surprisingly robust in the reaction medium. 

In the gas phase, the reaction of O- with NH3 and hydrocarbons occurs with a collision frequency close to unity.43 Steady-state conditions for both NH3(s) and C5- ) were assumed and the transient electrophilic species O 5- the oxidant, the oxide 02 (a) species poisoning the reaction.44 The estimate of the surface lifetime of the 0 (s) species was 10 8 s under the reaction conditions of 298 K and low pressure ( 10 r Torr). The kinetic model used was subsequently examined more quantitatively by computer modelling the kinetics and solving the relevant differential equations describing the above... 

A 45-year-old female presents to a pharmacy with complaints of itching and wants a recommendation to treat it. Upon visual examination you see that she has erythematous papules on both legs. After further questioning, you learn that she has recently spent a great deal of time outside at a family picnic. She states that the picnic was in a wooded area near her home and that she and several others went on a short hike that day. She states that she was wearing shorts and "probably" came into contact with the grasses and weeds that lined the hiking trail. The rash appeared the same day as the picnic and she says that it seems to have spread since it first developed. From the information she has presented, you conclude that she has been exposed to poison ivy. 

---