Plutonium americium and

Holden NE (1989) Total and spontaneous fission half-lives for uranium, plutonium, americium and curium nuclides. Pure Appl Chem 61(8) 1483-1504... 

Dacheux N, Aupiais J (1997) Determination of uranium, thorium, plutonium, americium, and curium ultratraces by photon electron rejecting alpha liquid scintillation. Anal Chem 69 2275-2282 Duan YX, Chamberlin EP, Olivares JA (1997) Development of a new high-efficiency thermal ionization source for mass spectrometry. Inti JMass Spectrom IonProcessesl61 27-39 Edwards RL, Chen JH, Wasserburg GJ (1987) systematics and the precise... 

Bulman RA. 1978. The movement of plutonium, americium, and curium through the food chain. 

Carvalho FP, Fowler SW. 1985. Biokinetics of plutonium, americium and californium in the marine isopod Cirolcma borealis, with observations on its feeding and molting behavior. Mar Biol 89 173-181. 

Dacheux N, Aupiais J. 1997. Determination of uranium, thorium, plutonium, americium, and curium ultratraces by photon electron rejection a liquid scintillation. Anal Chem 69 2275-2282. 

Directorate of Fisheries Research. 1990. Determination of alpha-emitting nuclides of plutonium, americium and curium in environmental materials Pt. 1. Seawater. Lowestoft, England Directorate of Fisheries Research. NTIS/DE92614732. 

Ellender M, Haines JW, Harrison JD. 1995. The distribution and retention of plutonium, americium and uranium in CBA/H mice. Hum Exp Toxicol 14 38-48. 

Harrison JD, David AJ, Stather JW. 1980. The wound clearance and distribution of plutonium, americium and curium in rodents. Int J Radiat Biol 37(5) 505-512. 

National Radiological Protection Board. 1982. Gut uptake factors for plutonium, americium and curium. Hartwell, England National Radiological Protection Board. DE83702055. 

Naylor GPL, Haines JW, Whysall K, et al. 1993. Measurements of the gastrointestinal absorption and tissue distribution of plutonium, americium and polonium in experimental animals. Sci Total Environ 130 429-435. 

Paatero J, Jaakkola T. 1998. Transfer of plutonium, americium and curium from fallout into reindeer after the Chernobyl accident. Boreal Environment Research 3 181-189. 

Taylor DM. 1989. The biodistribution and toxicity of plutonium, americium and neptunium. Sci Total Environ 83 217-225. 

Tumer GA, Taylor DM. 1968. The transport of plutonium, americium and curium in the blood of rats. Phys Med Biol 13(4) 535-546. 

Fuger, J. and Cunningham, B. B. (1964). Microcalorimetric determination of the enthalpy of formation of the complex ions of trivalent plutonium, americium and lanthanum with EDTA, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 27,1079. 

Fisher, N. S., P. Bjerregaard, and S. W. Fowler (1983), Interactions of Marine Plankton with Trans-uranic Elements. 1. Biokinetics of Neptunium, Plutonium, Americium, and Valifornium in Phytoplankton", Limnol. Oceanogr.28, 432. 

Since there is now considerable concern in the technologically advanced countries concerning the contamination of the environment by actinides, such as plutonium, americium and curium, this review attempts to present an understanding of how the actinides could concentrate and/or become transported through the biosphere to man. 

Transuranic wastes are so called because they contain isotopes of elements heavier than uranium, primarily plutonium, americium, and neptunium. Since these isotopes emit alpha particles. 

Transuranic waste that contains plutonium, americium, and other elements with atomic numbers higher than uranium... 

Guillaumont, R., Fanghanel, T., Fuger, J., Grenthe, I., Neck, V. 2003. Update on the Chemical Thermodynamics of Uranium, Neptunium, Plutonium, Americium and Technetium. Elsevier Science, North Holland, Amsterdam, p. 919. 

After a few years of storage, the main radioactive heat emitters in HLW are 90Sr and 137Cs. In addition, extremely long-lived actinides—neptunium, plutonium, americium, and curium—should be collected for transmutation in the future. Therefore, different flowsheets can be proposed for waste processing. It is possible to extract each radionuclide in the special extraction (sorption) cycle, for example, uranium and plutonium in the PUREX process, and after that, minor actinides (MAs) by the TRUEX process,4 strontium by the SREX process,5,6 and cesium by sorption7 or extraction.8... 

The World War II scientists found out that new elements could also be created in these powerful explosions. Neptunium, plutonium, americium, and curium were discovered in the early atomic bomb experiments. Other actinides such as fermium and... 

Variables found to be significant for sorption of cesium, strontium, technetium, selenium, neptunium, plutonium, americium, and radium on sandstone and tuff at 23°C are given in Table VII. They are ranked in order of significance where more than one variable was found to be significant. The ( + ) and (-) signs indicate whether sorption is increased or decreased. 

Haywood, S.M. (1987) Revised generalized derived limits for radioisotopes of strontium, iodine, caesium, plutonium, americium and caesium. Report NRPB-GS8. National Radiological Protection Board, Chilton, Oxon. 

Especially interesting in a discussion of radionuclide speciation is the behaviour of the transuranium elements neptunium, plutonium, americium and curium. These form part of the actinide series of elements which resemble the lanthanides in that electrons are progressively added to the 5f instead of the 4f orbital electron shell. The effective shielding of these 5f electrons is less than for the 4f electrons of the lanthanides and the differences in energy between adjacent shells is also smaller, with the result that the actinide elements tend to display more complex chemical properties than the lanthanides, especially in relation to their oxidation-reduction behaviour (Bagnall, 1972). The effect is especially noticeable in the case of uranium, neptunium and plutonium, the last of which has the unique feature that four oxidation states Pum, Pu, Puv and Pu are... 

The effect of radiation on actinide containing materials and solutions can be altered by careful selection of the isotopes. For uranium, plutonium, americium, and curium, there are a number of different isotopes with varying half-lifes that can be used. In Table 2, the commonly available isotopes of the... 

Moskvin, A. I. Investigation of the complex formation of trivalent plutonium, americium, and curium in phosphate solutions, Soviet Radiochem., 13, 688 (1971). 

Actinides in the environment can be classified into two groups (i) the uranium and thorium series of radionuclides in the natural environment and (ii) neptunium, plutonium, americium and curium which are formed in a nuclear reactor during the neutron bombardment of uranium through a series of neutron capture and radioactive decay reactions. Transuranics thus produced have been spread widely in the atmosphere, geosphere and aquatic environment on the earth, as a result of nuclear bomb tests in the atmosphere, and accidental release from nuclear facilities (Sakanoue, 1987). Most of these radionuclide inventories have deposited in the northern hemisphere following the tests conducted by the United States and the Soviet Union. 

In actinide series, the elements of greatest interest as environmental contaminants are neptunium, plutonium, americium, and curium, because their presence at relatively high concentrations in ecosystems would represent potential health problems (Katz et al., 1986). Nuclear data for actinide isotopes are presented in Table 5.11. 

Procedures are described for the determination of plutonium and americium in environmental samples by anion exchange (HNO3). Procedures are also described for the determination of plutonium, americium and their sequential analysis by anion exchange (HNO3) and TOA extraction (Chieco et al., 1990). 

Hodge HC, Stannard JN, and Hursh JB (eds.) (1973) Uranium, Plutonium, Transplutonium Elements. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol. 36. New York Springer. Nenot JC and Stather JW (1979) The Toxicity of Plutonium, Americium and Curium. Commission of the European Communities. Oxford Pergamon. 

Separation of Actinides from the Samples of Irradiated Nuclear Fuels. For the purpose of chemical measurements of burnup and other parameters such as accumulation of transuranium nuclides in irradiated nuclear fuels, an ion-exchange method has been developed to separate systematically the transuranium elements and some fission products selected for burnup monitors (16) Anion exchange was used in hydrochloric acid media to separate the groups of uranium, of neptunium and plutonium, and of the transplutonium elements. Then, cation and anion exchange are combined and applied to each of those groups for further separation and purification. Uranium, neptunium, plutonium, americium and curium can be separated quantitatively and systematically from a spent fuel specimen, as well as cesium and neodymium fission products. 

The thrust of the experimental program at ICPP was to find a separation procedure that would separate plutonium, americium, and curium from high-level first-cycle raffinate (see Table I) and leave behind the cladding elements, salting agents, and the bulk of the fission products. Fission-product lanthanides, because of their similar valence and ionic size, would be expected to follow americium in nearly any simple separation scheme. Americium and curium are present in ICPP waste as trivalent ions while plutonium is most likely present as both Pu(IV) and Pu(VI). Any separation scheme must be applicable to all these ionic actinide species. 

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