Plumes types

After the initial volume estimate has been determined, testing of a pilot recovery system should be initiated to evaluate recovery rates. However, factors that significantly affect recovery rates include the areal distribution and geometry of the free-hydrocarbon product plume, type(s) and design of recovery system selected, and the performance and efficiency of the system with time. 

Figure 14 Locations of selected major Phanerozoic continental flood basalts worldwide. References as in Table 3, with exception of Madgascar (Storey et al., 1997), Emeishan (Chung and Jahn, 1995 Zhou et al, 2002), North Atlantic Igneous Province (Saunders et al, 1997), Ethiopian and Yemeni traps (Menzies et al, 1997 Pik et al, 1999), and Central Atlantic magmatic province (CAMP) (Hames et al, 2000). The separation of CEB provinces into high Ti/Y ( P or plume type) and low Ti/Y ( A or arc type) from Puffer (2001). However, most provinces include examples of both types of basaltic rocks (cf. the Parana-Etendeka provinces). A more complete compilation of terrestrial large igneous provinces can be found...

Celosias form feathery plumes or velvety crests in shades of pink, red, orange, and yellow. Blossoms appear in summer through late fall plants grow 7"-36" tall. Plumed types are great in beds and borders crested types are ideal for the cutting garden. 

With spills of MTBE containing gasoline, three plume types depending on the time of the spill event can be differentiated in groundwater (Fig. 5) ... 

Irrespective of these two plume types—due to biological processes—the CAH plumes are often structured into different zones of metabolites. In the case of PCE as the original substance, a plume differentiation into plume sections develops, in which typical substances—such as PCE-TCE-cf5-DCE and VC— predominate. 

Non-Newtonian liquids also exhibit a transitional multimode regime between bag and sheet-thinning breakup. It is important to note that only bag/plume-type breakup has been observed. Other breakup structures discussed in the Newtonian section have not been observed for non-Newtonian drops. It is unclear if this is due to a lack of available data or some rheological difference. 

The nature of these paraffins and their concentration in diesel fuel affect the three temperatures that characterize the cold behavior. The cloud point is the temperature at which crystals of paraffins appear when the temperature is lowered. The cold filter pluming point is defined as the temperature under which a suspension no ionger flows through a standard filter. Finally, the pour point is the temperature below which the diesel fuel no longer flows by simple gravity in a standard tube. These three temperatures are defined by regulations and the refiner has three types of additives to improve the quality of the diesel fuel of winter. 

The Britter and McQuaid model is not appropriate for jets or two-phase plume releases. However, it would be appropriate at a minimal distance of 100 m from these types of releases since the initial release effect is usually minimal beyond these distances. 

A third type of regional problem is that of visibility. Visibility may be reduced by specific plumes or by the regional levels of particulate matter that produce various intensities of haze. The fine sulfate and nitrate particulates just discussed are largely responsible for reduction of visibility (see Chapter 10). This problem is of concern in locations of natural beauty, where it is desirable to keep scenic vistas as free of obstructions to the view as possible. 

The earliest and still widely used dispersion model to compute pollutant concentration profiles is the Gaussian plume model for single or multiple source pollution problems. Box-type model techniques, which can take into account nonlinear interactions among different species arising from chemical reactions, have been used in longer-range dispersion computations. 

By answering F or f to the question on source type the user selects the flare release option. This option is similar to the point source described above except for the inputs needed to calculate plume rise. The inputs for flare releases are described below. 

ISC-PRIME - Industrial Source Complex - Plume Rise Model Enhancements-. ISC-PRIME dispersion model is being evaluated as the next generation building downwash model. This version of the ISC model has a new set of algorithms and has been named ISC-PRIME. The files below are made available for review and evaluation only, but you can get some insight into how they work and the types of applications ... 

Figure 9.2-2 shows a data input screen in which general characteristics are input by radio buttons and numerical data is typed. The program calculates distances to specified in.sic concentrations and other requested consequence levels automatically. Results are available in a variety of formats including cloud footprints, sideview, cross section, pool evaporation rate, concentration vs distance and heat flux contours. Figure 9.2-3 shows the calculated results as a toxic plume. superimposed on the map with and without oligomerization. 

Airborne contaminant movement in the building depends upon the type of heat and contaminant sources, which can be classified as (1) buoyant (e.g., heat) sources, (2) nonbuoyant (diffusion) sources, and (d) dynamic sources.- With the first type of sources, contaminants move in the space primarily due to the heat energy as buoyant plumes over the heated surfaces. The second type of sources is characterized by cimtaminant diffusion in the room in all directions due to the concentration gradient in all directions (e.g., in the case of emission from painted surfaces). The emission rare in this case is significantly affected by the intensity of the ambient air turbulence and air velocity, dhe third type of sources is characterized by contaminant movement in the space with an air jet (e.g., linear jet over the tank with a push-pull ventilation), or particle flow (e.g., from a grinding wheel). In some cases, the above factors influencing contaminant distribution in the room are combined. 

Type A—Ideal hood. Fume of the lowest concentration at the fringes of the plume spills first. 

Figure 13.36 is a plot of the preceding equation for the three types of hoods. The plot shows the curve for the actual and the worst hoods requiring a hood flow rate larger than the plume flow rate in order to get 99% fume capture. 

The first step in the dimensioning process is to choose the mixture ratio jx. For the compressor type, which is not considered here, we choose fx = 3.0, i.e., fii, = 9.1 kg/s. Next we have to decide D, the diameter of the tube, i.e., we need a criterion for the choice of velocity of air. A crucial aspect which affects the choice of velocity is the wearing of the tube the higher the velocity is the greater is the wear. On the other hand, the velocity cannot be too low because of the risk of pluming (the velocity difference v - c has to be positive in all parts of the piping). Here we choose = 50 m/s with =1.2 kg/m. This gives D = 0.44 m. 

The presence of volatile components in alcohol ethoxylates (e.g., free alcohol) places some restriction on the level and type of alcohol ethoxylate that can be spray-dried. Volatile components cause pluming in spray tower emissions. These emissions can be minimized by using a peaked or narrow range ethoxylate or by postdosing the nonionic onto a previously spray-dried powder [36]. The peaked ethoxylate contains inherently less of the volatile components. 

Atmospheric information, including local climate (precipitation, temperature, wind speed and direction, presence of inversion layers), weather extremes (storms, floods, winds), release characteristics (direction and speed of plume movement, rate, amount, and temperature of release, relative densities), and types of atmospheric hazards and hazards assessment... 

The method or methods employed to remediate an aquifer vary, depending on the type, degree, and extent of contamination. Where pollution is shallow and dispersed over a small area, the sediments can sometimes be dug up and transported to a landfill designed especially to isolate the contaminants. Permeable reaction barriers can be installed to intercept a contaminant plume and strip pollutants from it, if the plume is shallow and narrowly focused. 

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