Platinum-rubidium

At the present time, worldwide rubidium production is small. Currently more expensive than gold or platinum, rubidium finds little demand. Worldwide, only about 22 tons (20 metric tons) of cesium compounds are produced annually. Given the prevalence of sodium and potassium usage, production or use of either rubidium or cesium is not likely to increase. 

Joo and co-workers [22] have discussed a new type of composite membrane, consisting of functionalised carbon nanotubes (CNT) and sulfonated polyarylene sulfone (sPAS) for direct methanol fuel cell applications. The CNT modified with sulfonic acid or platinum-rubidium (PtRu) nanoparticles were dispersed within the sPAS matrix by a solution casting method to give SOs-CNT-sPAS or PtRu-CNT-sPAS composite membranes, respectively. Characterisation of the composite membranes revealed that the functionalised CNT were homogeneously distributed within the sPAS matrix and the composite membranes contained smaller ion clusters than the neat sPAS. The composite membranes exhibited enhanced mechanical properties in terms of tensile strength, strain and toughness, which leads to improvements in ion conductivity and methanol permeability compared with the neat sPAS membrane, which demonstrates that the improved properties of the composite membranes induce an increase in power density. The strategy for CNT-sulfonated composite membranes in this work can potentially be extended to other CNT-polymer composite systems. 

Starting with a ceramic and depositing an aluminum oxide coating. The aluminum oxide makes the ceramic, which is fairly smooth, have a number of bumps. On those bumps a noble metal catalyst, such as platinum, palladium, or rubidium, is deposited. The active site, wherever the noble metal is deposited, is where the conversion will actually take place. An alternate to the ceramic substrate is a metallic substrate. In this process, the aluminum oxide is deposited on the metallic substrate to give the wavy contour. The precious metal is then deposited onto the aluminum oxide. Both forms of catalyst are called monoliths. 

Z 1 Niobium 1 Nitrate 1 Osmium 73 a. I Perchlorate Phenols u a o Platinum o 0. 1 5 u 1 Rhodium 1 Rubidium Ruthenium Scandium 1 Selenium Silver I Sodium 1 Strontium 1 Sulphate Sulphides, organic Sulphur dioxide 1 Tantalum 1 Tellurium 1 Thallium Thorium e H 1 Titanium a u ab a 1- I Uranium 1 Vanadium 1 Yttrium 1 Zinc Zirconium... 

Antimony, arsenic, bismuth, cadmium, calcium, cesium, chromium, cobalt, copper, gold, indium, iridium, iron, lead, lithium, magnesium, manganese, mercury, nickel, palladium, platinum, potassium, rhodium, rubidium, ruthenium, selenium, silver, sodium, tellurium, thallium, zinc... 

Gold, 0110 Hafnium, 4599 Indium, 4640 Iridium, 4643 Lanthanum, 4677 Lead, 4882 Lithium, 4680 Magnesium, 4690 Manganese, 4700 Mercury, 4600 Molybdenum, 4712 Neodymium, 4819 Nickel, 4820 Niobium, 4817 Osmium, 4873 Palladium, 4885 Platinum, 4887 Plutonium, 4888 Potassium, 4645 Praseodymium, 4886 Rhenium, 4890 Rhodium, 4892 Rubidium, 4889 Ruthenium, 4894 Samarium, 4911... 

Palladium(II) oxide, 4825 Palladium(IV) oxide, 4835 Perchloric acid, 3998 Periodic acid, 4425 Permanganic acid, 4434 Peroxodisulfuric acid, 4482 Peroxodisulfuryl difluoride, 4328 Peroxomonosulfuric acid, 4481 Peroxytrifluoroacetic acid, 0666 Platinum hexafluoride, 4371 Platinum(IV) oxide, 4836 Plutonium hexafluoride, 4372 Potassium bromate, 0255 Potassium chlorate, 4017 Potassium dichromate, 4248 Potassium iodate, 4619 Potassium nitrate, 4650 Potassium nitrite, 4649 Potassium perchlorate, 4018 Potassium periodate, 4620 Potassium permanganate, 4647 Rhenium hexafluoride, 4373 Rubidium fluoroxysulfate, 4309 Ruthenium(VIII) oxide, 4862 Selenium dioxide, 4838 Selenium dioxide, 4838 Silver permanganate, 0021 Sodium chlorate, 4039 Sodium chlorite, 4038 Sodium dichromate, 4250 Sodium iodate, 4624 Sodium nitrate, 4721 Sodium nitrite, 4720... 

Calcium, 3922 Cerium, 3961 Chromium, 4222 Cobalt, 4199 Europium, 4292 Hafnium, 4599 Iridium, 4643 Iron, 4388 Lead, 4882 Manganese, 4700 Nickel, 4820 Palladium, 4885 Platinum, 4887 Plutonium, 4888 Rhodium, 4892 Rubidium, 4889 Strontium, 4913 Tantalum, 4914 Technetium, 4915 Thorium, 4917 Titanium, 4919 Tungsten, 4925 Uranium, 4923 Vanadium, 4924 Zinc, 4927 Zirconium, 4928... 

Hydrogenation of dibenzofuran over a platinum catalyst in acetic acid at 50°C and moderate pressure affords perhydrodibenzofuran. At higher temperatures and pressures with platinum or palladium catalysts the product is 2-biphenylol. When dibenzofuran is hydrogenated in ethanol over Raney nickel at 190°C and 200 atm for 23 h, the products isolated were perhydrodibenzofuran (36%), trans-2-cyclohexylcyclohexanol (27%), cis-2-cyclohexylcyclohexanol (20%), and dicyclohexyl (3%). When the hydrogenation, under these conditions, was terminated after the absorption of only 3 mol equiv of hydrogen, the only product detected was perhydrodibenzo-furan. ° Hydrogenation of dibenzofuran over a sodium-rubidium catalyst,... 

T. Scheerer found that when heated to a yellow heat (c.1000°), in a closed platinum crucible, potassium carbonate loses about 0 5 per cent, in weight owing to the loss of carbon dioxide which is taken up again at lower temp. W. Dittmar could detect no change when heated to redness in an atm. of carbon dioxide, but it is partially converted into oxide in an atm. of nitrogen, and still more so in an atm. of hydrogen. P. Lebeau found that rubidium and caesium carbonates lose carbon dioxide when heated in vacuo, and, if the vacuum be maintained, decomposition is complete. P. Lebeau also found that the dissociation press, of rubidium carbonate is ... 

Oxalo-niobates or niobo-oxalates correspond to the vanado-oxalates, and contain both oxalic acid and niobic add radicals in the complex anion. The only known series possesses the general formula 3R aO. Nb 205.6C203.a H20, where R stands for an alkali metal. The sodium, potassium and rubidium salts are prepared by fusing one molecular proportion of niobium pentoxide with three molecular proportions of the alkali carbonate in a platinum crucible. The aqueous extract of the melt jjs poured into hot oxalic add solution concentration and cooling, or addition of alcohol or acetone, then brings about precipitation of the complex salt. Comparison of the dectrical conductivity measurements of solutions of the alkali oxalo-niobates with those of the alkali hydrogen oxalates determined under the same conditions indicates that the oxalo-niobates are hydrolysed in aqueous solution, and that their anions contain a complex oxalo-niobic acid radical.6... 

Some elements found in hody tissues have no apparent physiological role, hut have not been shown in he toxic. Examples arc rubidium, strontium, titanium, niobium, germanium, and lanthanum. Other elements are toxic when found in greater than trace amounts, and sometimes in trace amounts. These taller elements include arsenic, mercury, lead, cadmium, silver, zirconium, beryllium, and thallium. Numerous irlhcr elements are used in medicine in non-nulrieni roles. These include lithium, bismuth, antimony, bromine, platinum, and gold. The interactions of mineral nutrients with carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, minerals with vitamins (qv). and mineral nutrients with toxic elements are areas of active investigation. 

The rubidium salt Rbii67[Pt(C204)2]1.5H20 (RbOP) is a compound exhibiting a commensurate 2kF structure and, therefore, the distortion of the Pt chain has been determined precisely.66 The unit cell contains a distorted nonlinear sixfold Pt atom chain and involves six fPt(C204)2]1-67" units in one repeating unit of 17.11 A. There are three independent Pt—Pt distances of 2.716, 2.830 and 3.015 A. The Pt—Pt distance of 2.717 A is the shortest spacing so far observed in partially oxidized platinum complexes and it is shorter than the 2.77 A interatomic distance in Pt metal. 

Aluminium, 0048 Antimony, 4901 Barium, 0200 Beryllium, 0220 Bismuth, 0226 Cadmium, 3943 Caesium, 4248 Calcium, 3916 Cerium, 3955 Chromium, 4216 Cobalt, 4193 Copper, 4261 Europium, 4286 Gallium, 4400 Germanium, 4406 Gold, 0110 Hafnium, 4594 Indium, 3579 Iridium, 4638 Lanthanum, 4672 Lead, 4876 Lithium, 4675 Magnesium, 4685 Manganese, 4695 Mercury, 4595 Molybdenum, 4707 Neodymium, 4813 Nickel, 4814 Niobium, 4811 Osmium, 4867 Palladium, 4879 Platinum, 4881 Plutonium, 4882 Potassium, 4640 Praseodymium, 4880 Rhenium, 4884 Rhodium, 4886 Rubidium, 4883 Ruthenium, 4888... 

Palladium(II) oxide, 4819 Palladium(IV) oxide, 4829 Perchloric acid, 3992 Periodic acid, 4419 Permanganic acid, 4428 Peroxodisulfuric acid, 4476 Peroxodisulfuryl difluoride, 4322 Peroxomonosulfuric acid, 4475 Peroxytrifluoroacetic acid, 0662 Platinum hexafluoride, 4365 Platinum(IV) oxide, 4830 Plutonium hexafluoride, 4366 Potassium bromate, 0255 Potassium chlorate, 4011 Potassium dichromate, 4242 Potassium iodate, 4614 Potassium nitrate, 4645 Potassium nitrite, 4644 Potassium perchlorate, 4012 Potassium periodate, 4615 Potassium permanganate, 4642 Rhenium hexafluoride, 4367 Rubidium fluoroxysulfate, 4303 Ruthenium(VIII) oxide, 4856 Selenium dioxide, 4832 Selenium dioxide, 4832 Silver permanganate, 0021... 

The conversion of phenanthridine into an unspecified octahydro-derivative by hydrogenation over a sodium metal-rubidium carbonate catalyst has been reported.334 Hydrogenation of the tetrahydro-phenanthridine (231) over platinum in acetic acid gave, rather surprisingly, the octahydrophenanthridine (232) with loss of meth-oxyl.173... 

The heat of solution is -4-68 Cal.,2 and the heat of formation 109-86 Cal.3 A saturated solution boils at 119-9° C. under 760 mm. pressure.4 Caesium chloride resembles the rubidium salt in forming a number of complex polyhalides.5 It is a useful agent in photomicrography, since it forms well-defined double salts with many metals among them—silver, gold, platinum, mercury, lead, copper, and many others.8 It has a decided toxic effect. 

The preparation of rubidium and caesinm carbonates.—Bunsen made rubidium carbonate by treating rubidium sulphate with barium hydroxide, and evaporating the filtrate to dryness with ammonium carbonate, when crystals of the carbonate separate. R. Bunsen also transformed rubidium chloride into carbonate by first heating the chloride with nitric acid to convert it into the nitrate, and then treating the latter with an excess of oxalic acid. The oxalate is converted to carbonate by calcination. H. L. Wells made csesium carbonate by L. Snoith s process, viz, by evaporating to dryness a mixture of csesium nitrate with twice as much oxalic acid, dissolved in a little water, and calcining the residue in a platinum crucible. Caesium carbonate forms a syrupy liquid which crystallizes with difficulty. 

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