Plasticizers solid state

Di-M-hexyladipate Butvar with various concentrations of plasticizer Solid state NMR studies, DMA and SANS (16)... 

Pecora A, Maiolo L, Cuscuna M, Simeone D, Minotti A, Mariucci L, Fortunato G (2008) Low-temperature polysUicon thin film transistors on polyimide substrates for electronics on plastic. Solid State Electron 52 348-352... 

Two approaches have been adopted for pC02 sensing, namely (1) wet sensors and (2) plastic (solid-state) sensors. A wet sensor consists of a pH-sensitive probe dissolved in aqueous bicarbonate buffer solution, which is separated from the gaseous or liquid test medium by a gas-permeable membrane [9]. In plastic sensors, a polar pH-probe is immobilised in a thin polymer film. The probe is usually ion-paired with a lipophilic base such as a tetra-alkyl ammonium hydroxide. This ion-pair combination facilitates compatibility between the two components, whilst simultaneously eliminating the need for aqueous buffers due to the associated water of hydration. This makes it possible for these sensors to maintain their sensitivity to CO2, although they may show some humidity dependence. The requisites of a CO2 probe are a suitable a significant change in absorption or emission characteristics upon... 

Fan, L., Wang, X., Long, F., and Wang, X. (2008) Enhanced ionic conductivities in composite polymer electrolytes by using succinonitrile as a plasticizer. Solid State Ionics, 179, 1772-1775. 

Dislocation theory as a portion of the subject of solid-state physics is somewhat beyond the scope of this book, but it is desirable to examine the subject briefly in terms of its implications in surface chemistry. Perhaps the most elementary type of defect is that of an extra or interstitial atom—Frenkel defect [110]—or a missing atom or vacancy—Schottky defect [111]. Such point defects play an important role in the treatment of diffusion and electrical conductivities in solids and the solubility of a salt in the host lattice of another or different valence type [112]. Point defects have a thermodynamic basis for their existence in terms of the energy and entropy of their formation, the situation is similar to the formation of isolated holes and erratic atoms on a surface. Dislocations, on the other hand, may be viewed as an organized concentration of point defects they are lattice defects and play an important role in the mechanism of the plastic deformation of solids. Lattice defects or dislocations are not thermodynamic in the sense of the point defects their formation is intimately connected with the mechanism of nucleation and crystal growth (see Section IX-4), and they constitute an important source of surface imperfection. 

This book will take the reader from the simplest condition of shock-compressed matter—the large elastic strain—through the complications introduced by rapid plastic deformation, to perhaps the most complex conditions—chemically reacting solids. Even in the simplest case, unexpected complexities are observed. The full complexity of shock-induced solid state chemistry is yet to be determined. 

The various studies of shock-modified powders provide clear indications of the principal characteristics of shock modification. The picture is one in which the powders have been extensively plastically deformed and defect levels are extraordinarily large. The extreme nature of the plastic deformation in these brittle materials is clearly evident in the optical microscopy of spherical alumina [85B01]. In these defect states their solid state reactivities would be expected to achieve values as large as possible in their particular morphologies greatly enhanced solid state reactivity is to be expected. 

In the preparation and processing of ionomers, plasticizers may be added to reduce viscosity at elevated temperatures and to permit easier processing. These plasticizers have an effect, as well, on the mechanical properties, both in the rubbery state and in the glassy state these effects depend on the composition of the ionomer, the polar or nonpolar nature of the plasticizer and on the concentration. Many studies have been carried out on plasticized ionomers and on the influence of plasticizer on viscoelastic and relaxation behavior and a review of this subject has been given 119]. However, there is still relatively little information on effects of plasticizer type and concentration on specific mechanical properties of ionomers in the glassy state or solid state. 

Mixing Device 10 10 10 10 Plastic Stote Solid State... 

Atterberg-limit tests determine the water content influence in defining liquid, plastic, semisolid and solid states of fine-grained soils. Permeability tests may be carried out in the laboratory or in the field. Such tests are used to determine the hydraulic conductivity coefficient k. ... 

M. Bcrggren, A. Dodabalapur, R. E. Slusher, Organic solid-state lasers with imprinted gratings on plastic substrates, Appl. Phys. Leu. 1998, 72, 410. 

The aim of this chapter is to give a state-of-the-art report on the plastic solar cells based on conjugated polymers. Results from other organic solar cells like pristine fullerene cells [7, 8], dye-sensitized liquid electrolyte [9], or solid state polymer electrolyte cells [10], pure dye cells [11, 12], or small molecule cells [13], mostly based on heterojunctions between phthaocyanines and perylenes [14], will not be discussed. Extensive literature exists on the fabrication of solar cells based on small molecular dyes with donor-acceptor systems (see for example [2, 3] and references therein). 

Mixing Device I02 I03 I04 I05 Plastic State Solid State... 

A number of other thermodynamic properties of adamantane and diamantane in different phases are reported by Kabo et al. [5]. They include (1) standard molar thermodynamic functions for adamantane in the ideal gas state as calculated by statistical thermodynamics methods and (2) temperature dependence of the heat capacities of adamantane in the condensed state between 340 and 600 K as measured by a scanning calorimeter and reported here in Fig. 8. According to this figure, liquid adamantane converts to a solid plastic with simple cubic crystal structure upon freezing. After further cooling it moves into another solid state, an fee crystalline phase. 

Some properties of the detectors most commonly used for transmission experiments are summarized in Table 3.2. Alternative counters are scintillation detectors based on Nal or plastic material that is attached to a photomultiplier, and solid-state detectors using silicon- or germanium-diodes. 

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