Plastic packaging extractables from

Valorplast, minimum technical requirements for plastic bottles, extracted from agreements on Eco-packaging 2005-2010 and Adelphe. 

Applications Although Soxtec combines the best qualities of reflux and Soxhlet extractions up to now fairly little evidence has been reported concerning the efficacy of this system for polymer and rubber analysis. Nevertheless, it appears that oligomers and other reaction residues, softeners, antioxidants (e.g. BHT) and several other additives used to modify polymers are easily extracted from PVC, PP, PE, PS, rubber and many other polymeric materials. Also, some leading international plastic, rubber and packaging companies have made Soxtec an integral part of their quality control routines. Some application examples where Soxtec has proved successful are [148] ... 

Contaminants in recycled plastic packaging waste (HDPE, PP) were identified by MAE followed by GC-MS analysis [290]. Fragrance and flavour constituents from first usage were detected. Recycled material also contained aliphatic hydrocarbons, branched alkanes and alkenes, which are also found in virgin resins at similar concentration levels. Moreover, aromatic hydrocarbons, probably derived from additives, were found. Postconsumer PET was also analysed by Soxhlet extraction and GC-MS most of the extracted compounds (30) were thermally degraded products of additives and polymers, whereas only a few derived from the original contents... 

If the dosage form contains cosolvents (or if, for any reason, it may be expected to extract greater amounts of substances from plastic packaging components than water), then additional extractable information may be needed to address safety issues. Performance is typically not a factor for liquid-based oral drug products. 

The USP general chapters do not specifically address safety for polyethylene (HDPE or LDPE), PP, or laminate components. A patient s exposure to substances extracted from a plastic packaging component (e.g., FIDPE, LDPE, PP, laminated components) into a liquid-based oral dosage form is expected to be comparable to a patient s exposure to the same substances through the use of the same material when used to package food [27]. 

T. Ernst R. Popp and R. van Eldik, Quantification of heavy metals for the recycling of waste plastics from electrotechnical applications, Talanta, 53, 347-357 (2000). W. Camacho and S. Karlsson, Quality-determination of recycled plastic packaging waste by identification of contaminants by CC-MS after microwave assisted extraction (MAE), Polymer Degradation and Stability, 71, 123-134 (2000). 

Although glass containers are very suitable for Hb packaging, flexible plastic containers constructed from materials such as poly(ethylene-vinyl acetate) (EVA) are most widely used. The plastic packaging material must be carefully selected. Hemoglobin, like other proteins, is lipophilic and can facilitate extraction of low molecular weight lipophilic substances, such as the plasticizers used in poly(vinyl chloride) containers. 

Kim-Kang, H. Gilbert, S.G. Permeation characteristics of and extractables from gamma-irradiated and non-irradiated plastic laminates for a unit dosage injection device. Packag. Technol. Sci. 1991, 4, 35-48. 

Tick s second law of diffusion was used to model removal of plasticizer from packaging films using different solvents to simulate the extracting action of food products. Good agreement between the model and the experiment was obtained. The rate of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate extraction depends on its content in PVC (for 50% plasticizer, the extraction rate was 30 g m h" and for 35% plasticizer in formulation, the extraction rate was 2.3 g m h" This is an example of mutual (cooperative) diffiisioa The plasticizer is replaced by solvent. In another study of cooperative diffusion of DOP in dilute solution of polystyrene, a temperature decrease to the neighborhood of the glass transition temperature had profound effect on solvent mobility and thus on the diffusion proeess. Further theoretical discussion of mutual diffusion can be found elsewhere. ... 

Ethyl acetate is a solvent found in nature and is environmentally safe and acceptable for food applications. For instance, it is used in the packaging industry because it provides high printing resolution on plastics and metals. D-Limonene is a major compound found in oil extracted from citrus and is present in orange and fruit juices. It is also used in cleaning products as a solvent or a water dilutable product. It is a very versatile chemical and therefore used in a wide variety of applications. Scalping of D-limonene from... 

All these families arise from petrochemical resources and this raises the question of the security of supply of fossil reserves to ensure the sustainability of plastic packaging. World reserves of oil are estimated at roughly 1 — 1.5 X 10 tonnes, more or less 40 years of consumption at the present rate. However, these values do not allow an easy correlation to the rate of petrochemical resource extraction and depletion. Many schools of thought have... 

Various workers [68-72] have carried out extensive studies of the determination of total migration of additives from plastics packaging materials into edible fats using a C-labelled fat simulent (HB 307). Methods based on measurement of total extract into volatile solvents such as n-heptone and diethylether were rejected at an early stage [73-86]. 

GC/FT-IR can be used for amino acid profiling with tert-butyldimethylsilyl derivatization, for the investigation of food-packaging materials, the analysis of biologically active wheat straw extracts with allopathic activity, that of cis- and traws-octadecanoic acids in margarines and of sugar units in disaccharides, for the identification of small molecular migrants extracted from y-irradiated plastic laminates or the radiolysis products of y-irradiated medazepam solution. 

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