Plant-predator interactions

Hay ME, Duffy JE, Fenical W (1990) Host-plant specialization decreases predation on a marine amphipod an herbivore in plant s clothing. Ecology 71 733-743 Hay ME, Duffy JE, Pfister CA, Fenical W (1987) Chemical defense against different marine herbivores are amphipods insect equivalents Ecology 68 1567-1580 Hay ME, Fenical W (1992) Chemical mediation of seaweed-herbivore interactions. In John DM, Hawkins SJ, Price JH (eds) Plant-animal interactions in the marine benthos. Clarendon, Oxford, pp 319-337... 

Hay ME, Pawlik JR, Duffy JE, Fenical W (1989) Seaweed-herbivore-predator interactions host plant specialization reduces predation on small herbivores. Oecologia 81 418—427 Hellio C, De La Broise D, Dufosse L, Le Gal Y, Bourgougnon N (2001) Inhibition of marine bacteria by extracts of macroalgae potential use for environmentally friendly antifouling paints. Mar Environ Res 52 231-247... 

Even though this evidence supports the defensive function of extrafloral nectaries, the evidence is largely based on myrmecophilous plants. In other plant species, the benefit of ant attendance is not always as clear (O Dowd and Catchpole, 1983 Koptur and Lawton, 1988). In these species, the provision of extrafloral nectar may serve to enhance the effectiveness of other plant-predator (Ruhren and Handel, 1999) or plant-parasitoid interactions (Lingren and Lukefahr, 1977 Bugg etal, 1989 Koptur, 1994), or serve other (non-defensive) functions. 

Hay, M. E., Pawlik, J. R., Duffy, J. E., and Fenical, W., Seaweed-herbivore-predator interaction host-plant specialisation reduces predation on small herbivores, Oecologia, 81, 411, 1989. 

Hay, M.E. and Fenical, W., Marine plant-herbivore-predator interactions the ecology of chemical defense, Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 19, 111, 1988. 

Other physiological effects of defensive chemicals have not been observed or studied for plant-herbivore interactions. For example, studies of chemically defended sessile invertebrates have shown that some compounds have emetic properties against fish predators, and that fishes can learn quickly to avoid these chemicals after regurgitating ingested food.206,258 Macroalgal compounds could potentially act in similar ways, but such effects have never been documented. 

Figure 22.1 Examples from two conceptual axes of interactions between flowers and their animal visitors. Axis 1 is a specialization-generalization spectrum of plant-pollinator interactions. Panel A depicts a guild of red Chilean flowers that share one species of hummingbird as a pollinator. In Panel D, a Perideridia umbel is visited by several families of bees, wasps and flies most are effective pollinators. Axis 2 describes relationships in which animals visit flowers for their own reproductive purposes. In panel B, a female Tegiticula moth gathers pollen from anthers of Yucca filamentosa, for which it is both obligate pollinator and seed predator. In panel C, a Drosophila fly (black arrow) is lured by appearance and smell of decaying matter to a deceptive Aristolochia flower, seen in cross-section. Floral scent plays diverse roles along these axes, including pollinator attraction in food- and sex-based mimicry. All photographs were taken by the author.

Duffey, S. S., Bloem, K. A. and Campbell, B. C. 1986. Consequences of sequestration of plant natural products in plant-insect interactions. In Boethel, D. F. and Eikenbary, R. D. (Eds.), Interactions of Plant Resistance and Parasitoids and Predators of Insects. Florwood, Chichester, England. 31-60... 

Plant substances are said to enhance some insect hormones, to the advantage of the insect. Bedard et al. (44) have described how the western pine beetle (Dendroctonus brevicomis) uses its host pine trees (Firms ponderosa and P. coulteri) to enhance the drawing power of its sex attractant, exobrevicomin. When ready to mate, both sexes emit the attractant. Bedard found the attractant s power (in terms of numbers of insects attracted) was doubled when mixed with myrcene, a normal constituent of pine wood. Myrcene alone was not attractive. Myrcene, however, is not restricted to pine we have seen earlier (10) that it is consistently found in spruce needles, and in general it is not characteristic of any single group of plants. Since the western pine beetle feeds only on pine, of what real ecological significance is Bedard s report of the enhancement of its hormone by myrcene Why isn t a more specific constituent of pine wood involved Perhaps one is, but research has not yet revealed it. Apart from Brower s work with the monarchs, we have not examined the rich area of herbivore—predator interactions. 

Dicke M, Vet LEM. Plant-carnivore interactions evolutionary and ecological consequences for plant, herbivore and carnivore. In Herbivores Between Plants and Predators. Olff H, Brown VK, Drent RH, eds. 1999. Blackwell Science, Oxford, U.K. pp. 

Hay ME, Pawlik JR, Duffy JE, Fenical W (1989) Seaweed-herbivore-predator interactions host-plant specialization reduces predation on small herbivores. Oecologia 81 418-427... 

Dicke M, Bruin J (2001) Chemical information transfer between plants back to the future. Biochem Syst Ecol 29 981-994 Dicke M, Dijkman H (2001) Within-plant circulation of systemic elicitor of induced defence and release from roots of elicitor that affects neighbouring plants. Biochem Syst Ecol 29 1075-1087 Dicke M, Sabelis MW, Takabayashi J, Bruin J, Posthumus MA (1990) Plant strategies of manipulating predator-prey interactions through allelochemicals prospects for application in pest control. J Chem Ecol 16 3091-3118 Dicke M, Takabyashi J, Posthumus MA, Schiitte C, Krips OE (1998) Plant-phytoseiid interactions mediated by prey-induced plant volatiles variation in production of cues and variation in responses of predatory mites. Exp Appl Acarol 22 311-333... 

The groundbreaking investigations of VOC emissions from damaged plants, both above and below ground, using the non-destructive PTR-MS technique, have provided new and unique insights into plant VOC emissions and their interactions with the environment. Further studies will undoubtedly lead to an enhanced understanding of the role these VOCs play in the defence and communication of plants, their interactions with the local environment and how they interact with natural predators. 

Organisms evolving under aimual temperature cycles and in environments with varying temperatures spatially have incorporated thermal cues in reproductive behavior, habitat selection, and certain other features which act at the population level. Thus, the balance of births and mortaUties, which determines whether a species survives, is akin to the metaboHc balance at the physiological level in being dependent upon the match, within certain limits, to prescribed temperatures at different times of year. At the ecosystem level, relationships among species, eg, predators, competitors, prey animals, and plant foods, are related to environmental temperatures in complex ways. Many of these interactions are poorly understood. 

In addition to the interactions between plants and microorganisms, a third factor, the soil, also plays a role in determining root exudation and the activity and diversity of rhizosphere microbial populations. In this section, physical and structural aspects of the soil are discussed in relation to their effects on root exudation and microbial populations. Consideration is also given to the role of agricultural management practices on rhizosphere processes. In addition, the role of other biotic factors, such as microfaunal predation, is discussed in relation to nutrient cycling in the rhizosphere. 

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