Defense against difference

Hay ME, Duffy JE, Fenical W (1990) Host-plant specialization decreases predation on a marine amphipod an herbivore in plant s clothing. Ecology 71 733-743 Hay ME, Duffy JE, Pfister CA, Fenical W (1987) Chemical defense against different marine herbivores are amphipods insect equivalents Ecology 68 1567-1580 Hay ME, Fenical W (1992) Chemical mediation of seaweed-herbivore interactions. In John DM, Hawkins SJ, Price JH (eds) Plant-animal interactions in the marine benthos. Clarendon, Oxford, pp 319-337... 

Hay, M. E., Duffy, J. E., Pfister, C. A., and Fenical, W., Chemical defense against different marine herbivores are amphipods insect equivalents , Ecology, 68, 1567, 1987. 

Within the ethnocentric stages, there are three mindsets for avoiding difference Denial of difference. Defense against difference, and Minimization of differences. The ethnorelative stages include three mindsets for seeking out differences Acceptance of difference, Adaptation to difference, and Integration of difference. 

Pathogen attack The induction of LOX genes during plant-pathogen interactions has been reported in several species, suggesting that the function of LOX in the defense against pests seems to be related to the synthesis of a number of different compounds with signaling functions or antimicrobial activity. 

Lactamases (EC 3.5.2.6) inactivate /3-lactam antibiotics by hydrolyzing the amide bond (Fig. 5.1, Pathway b). These enzymes are the most important ones in the bacterial defense against /3-lactam antibiotics [15]. On the basis of catalytic mechanism, /3-lactamases can be subdivided into two major groups, namely Zn2+-containing metalloproteins (class B), and active-serine enzymes, which are subdivided into classes A, C, and D based on their amino acid sequences (see Chapt. 2). The metallo-enzymes are produced by only a relatively small number of pathogenic strains, but represent a potential threat for the future. Indeed, they are able to hydrolyze efficiently carbape-nems, which generally escape the activity of the more common serine-/3-lac-tamases [16] [17]. At present, however, most of the resistance of bacteria to /3-lactam antibiotics is due to the activity of serine-/3-lactamases. These enzymes hydrolyze the /3-lactam moiety via an acyl-enzyme intermediate similar to that formed by transpeptidases. The difference in the catalytic pathways of the two enzymes is merely quantitative (Fig. 5.1, Pathways a and b). 

Table 11.4 Plant parts differ in chemical defense against vertebrate herbivores...

Douglas, H. D., Ill, Co, J. E., Jones, T. H., and Conner, W. E. (2004). Interspecific differences in Aethia spp. auklet odorants and evidence for chemical defense against ectoparasites. Journal of Chemical Ecology 30,1921-1935. 

The complement system is part of the innate immune system (see p. 294). It supports nonspecific defense against microorganisms. The system consists of some 30 different proteins, the "complement factors," which are found in the blood and represent about 4% of all plasma proteins there. When inflammatory reactions occur, the complement factors enter the infected tissue and take effect there. 

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