Plant observations

Susceptibility of vegetation to air pollutant injury is reportedly influenced by many climatic factors, edaphic factors, genetic variability, and by structural and biochemical variations in the plant. Observed differences in susceptibility have prompted numerous attempts to prepare lists of plant species according to susceptibility or tolerance to specific air pollutants. It has become apparent that such lists are frequently inaccurate because the differential in susceptibility within a single variety or cultivar may be as great as that between species. 

Mizutani, G., and Sano, H. 2003. Starch image in living water plants observed by optical second harmonic microscopy. In Science, technology and education of microscopy An overview, ed. A. Mendez-Vilas, 499-504. Badajoz, Spain Formatex. 

Following plant start-up a number of studies and plant observation programs were carried out. These resulted in making some physical modification to the plant such as elimination of dead legs in the reaction section where polymerization could be enhanced. At the same time, operational control aspects were modified such that corrections to the operating conditions could be made before the reaction become unstable. Furthermore, efficient means of heat removal from the reactor were implemented i.e. chilled water cooling loop. 

Monitoring and observation Monitoring of contamination observation of nuclear plant observation of nuclear weapons, military disaster procedures radioactivity in the environment (gamma dose rate, nuclide-specific activity measurement)... 

The difference between the actiral SEC and the reference SEC is used as a measure of energy efficiency, because it shows which level of energy efficiency is achievable in a country with a particular sector stmcture. Note that this is a somewhat conservative estimate, since the reference SEC is usually not an absolute minimum requirement, such as a thermodynamic minimum. Usually, the SEC of the best plant observed worldwide can, technically speaking, still be reduced, but the necessary measures may not be implemented for a variety of reasons, such as the continuity of production, economic considerations, etc. It must also be noted that technological and economic limitations change over time, resulting in a lower reference SEC. 

FIGURE 3 TTie development of the EEI in the pulp and paper industry over time for various cMuntries. Countries actual primary energy consumption is indexed to the primary energy consumption of the best plant observed worldwide. 

An enormous amount of work has gone into the study of contacting devices, and the literature on their performance characteristics is extensive. Most of the work dealing with laiger equipment has been based on plant observations, but a significant portion of it has been based on controlled experiments in commercial-scale equipment by Fractionation Research, Inc. (FRI). The methods for analysis and design of distillation columns, present in this section, are based on a combination of fundamental research papers, results released by FRI, and many repotted plant tests. 

Waterhyacinth plants [Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms], which infest waterways in many parts of the world, were used as a model system for studying uptake of metal ions by floating acpiatic plants. Observed rates of uptake of manganese(II)-54 and iron(III)-59 by water hyacinth compare favorably with the values expected based upon a coordination model control by chelation with dihydrogen ethylenediamine- tetraacetate ion and control by metal(II) carbonate solubility. Agreement depends upon the assumption of the reduction of iron(III) species by the plant. 

Improved understanding of fluidization fundamentals related to gasification and combustion phenomena may eventually guide commercial equipment design and selection of special features. More immediate impacts may result, though, from engineering innovations based on operating plant observations that improve performance, reliability, operability, and cost. Experimentation (laboratory scale conceptual... 

The far reaching inductive effects of vernalization and that of the following photoperiod on the growth and flowering response of long day plants observed by Pandya (1969) is supported by the findings of a number of earlier workers (Chinoy, 1962 Chinoy and Nanda, 1951, 1951 a, b 1952 Chlnoy et al., 1959 Chinoy and Mansuri, 1966 Mansuri, 1965 Nanda et al., 1959 Sirohi et al., 1959 Sawhney et al., 1959 Raj, 1971 Vyas, 1971 Patel, 1967 Shah, 1974 ... 

Watson W (1756) An account of some of the more rare English plants observed in Leicestershire. Philos Trans R Soc Lond 49 803-806... 

If an evacuation to the west of the site had been initiated around 8 00 a.m., the wrong people would have been told to evacuate, local wind conditions would have shifted the potentially affected area to the north by 9 00 a.m., and then to the east by 11 00 a.m. As the NRC Special Inquiry Group noted later, based on in-plant observations as set forth in the emergency plans and as emphasized in NRC emergency planning guidance in place even at the time (R.G. 1.101), omnidirectional... 

In the Real-Time (time-domain dynamics) approach, the same set of algebraic and differential equations are encountered as in the frequency domain. However, the major advantage of solving these equations in real time is the ability to observe the interactions of the process, control scheme and load variables much as the operator of a plant observes the behaviour of an actual plant. Dynamic simulation allows for the comparison of several candidate control strategies and assesses the propagation of variation through a process/plant. In other words, dynamic simulation allows for the evaluation of plant-wide versus single-loop control schemes. 

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