Plant layout and operation

Resin production is performed in production plants that may be integrated in larger facilities or that are completely standalone units. In some cases, UPES resins are produced in multipurpose plants where other resins, like alkyds and saturated polyesters, are also produced. The market demands a large variety of resins in order to suit the wide variety of end market applications and conversion technologies applied. This is reflected in the resin production facilities being able to produce a variety of products on the basis of different raw materials (recipes), process conditions and to target final specifications. Order size and packaging demand (bulk, container, and drum) add to the complexity of the production facility. 

Typically the core of a resin plant will consist of a number of batch reactors varying in size from 10-40 m Largely depending on the degree of specialisation of such a facility, a mix of 100 - 200 products based on 100 - 150 different raw materials may be produced. Bulk delivery versus drum/container may vary from 40 60 to 60 40 with order sizes ranging between less than 1 tonne and full tank truck loads. 

Resin production shows a trend towards a higher level of automation, but still requires a lot of operator intervention. Apart from control of the process, this includes raw material weighing and preparation, metering of small raw materials, sampling and sample analyses, product filtration and then filling of drums, containers and tank trucks. 

Prior to use in the process, certain raw materials need to be melted and preheated in ovens. Some installations have heated silos to keep raw materials liquid and ready to use and to avoid the emission of dust from the storage area. 

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Representative features of plant layout and operation which may be evaluated and selectively utilized as safeguarding include... 

Many studies have been recently published on the integration of OTM in oxy-fuel boilers for steam or power generation.i 22 variety of plant layouts and operating parameters have been considered (Table 10.1), yielding efficiency gains ranging from -4.0% to +5.7% points with respect to... 

With a suitable choice and arrangement of equipment, materials can be conveyed from a hopper or silo in one location to another location some distance away. Considerable flexibility in both plant layout and operation is possible, such that multiple point feeding can be made into a common line, and a single line can be discharged into a number of... 

Inadequate plant layout and spacing may lead to congested process and storage areas, lack of isolation for e.xtra liazardous operations mid areas, sources of ignition that are too close to liazm ds, and lack of proper emergency facilities. 

Liston, Donald M. "Safety Aspects of Site Selection, Plant Layout, and Unit Plot Planning." In H. H. Fawcett and W. S. Wood (eds.), Safety and Accident Prevention in Chemical Operations, pp. 35-59. New York Wiley, 1982. 

Away from the pinch, there is usually more freedom in the choice of matches. In this case, the designer can discriminate on the basis of operability, plant layout and so on. 

The model of the plant describes the plant layout and the numbers and properties of the equipment and defines the operations that can be performed on... 

In most instances, the safeguarding inherent in the facility (the piping, the plant layout, and its operating practices) is sufficient without need for additional safeguarding. In some instances, however, engineered safeguards must be provided. 

From a technical standpoint, the objective of a plant survey is to discover the facts concerning the engineering design, function, dimensions, metallurgy, layout, and operation of the cooling system, including full details on current water treatment products and services supplied. 

It becomes clear that the chances a single fire or explosion will spread to adjoining units can be reduced by careful plant layout and judicious choice of construction materials. Hazardous operations should be isolated by location in separate buildings or by the use of brick fire walls. Brick or reinforced concrete walls can serve to limit the effects of an explosion, particularly if the roof is designed to lift easily under an explosive force. 

Use of southern pine bark extracts as 50% of the reactive phenolics in endjointing adhesives applied in a honeymoon system has good commercial potential. With proper plant layout and design, the installation, operation, and maintenance of radio-frequency units and their resulting high costs can be avoided. 

A detailed discussion of equipment layout is provided in Plant Design and Operations. 

Although there are not yet many industrial applications to validate this preliminary conclusion, self-refrigeration appears to involve simpler equipment and plant layout, and lower investment and operating costs, than the external chillers. 

In addition, the HELM tracker system is able to utilise spatial plant layout and to prioritise the current distribution issues to recommend an optimised sequence for fault rectification by the operator. 

To maximise the performance and utilisation of a powered truck, the conditions under which it operates must be suitable. Bad housekeeping, poor plant layout and wrong vehicle for the job are some of the features that can prevent its full potential being achieved. The more important of these features inciude ... 

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