Gain ranging

This multistep approach is being used in several commercial FT-IR spectrometers. Only with efficient gain ranging can the SNR of FT-IR spectra measured with a pyroelectric detector and 16-bit ADC come close to the theoretical value. 

F ure 3.10. Dispersion of the zero-path-difference location for two possible chirping configurations. (Reproduced from [6], by permission of the author.) 

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From Figure 7, the stabilizing gain range can be obtained giving the ratio Kmax/Ko) = 44.33. The transfer function for the reactor with volume V = 42.41 m is ... 

Figure 3. Signal at the detector from a polychromatic source. This interferogram shows the form of the signal about a DC offset. Note the sharp "centerburst" at 5 = 0, the only point where all of the frequencies interfere constructively. This feature is the reason gain ranging is necessary in FT absorption spectroscopy.

Table 8.1 gives values for the controller gains used and the transmitter spans. All the valves are spanned in the provided program between 0 and 100 percent. The level controller gains ranged from 1 to 4 and... 

Single Ended, 8 Double Ended 0-10 V (Unipolar), = 10 V (Bipolar) From 1 to 8 Gain Ranges 12 Bits... 

Fuel residence time (efpd) Breeding Gain range -0.2 / +0.15 5x3403x285 -0,65 ... 

Many studies have been recently published on the integration of OTM in oxy-fuel boilers for steam or power generation.i 22 variety of plant layouts and operating parameters have been considered (Table 10.1), yielding efficiency gains ranging from -4.0% to +5.7% points with respect to... 

An electronics board including wireless electronics and batteries is also present, embedded into the antenna substrate. The antenna exhibits a rather small value of C max> of about — lOdBi, due to the small dimensions and low conductivity of the textile material. However, measurements of the on-body link between two antenna prototypes worn on different body locations showed relatively high values of on-body channel gains, ranging between —47 and —56 dB in anechoic environment, and between —35 and —80 dB in a multipath scenario (hallway). Hence, the antenna represents a suitable small-sized and reliable solution for on-body wireless communication. 

The slots along the pole are spaced approximately one wavelength per layer, and a suitable number of layers are used to achieve the deshed gain. Typical gains range from 20 to 40. By varying the number of slots around the periphery of the cyhnder, directional azimuth patterns can be achieved. 

Most ratio stations have a gain range of about 10 1. Since the normal ratio setting for most applications is in the vicinity of 1.0, this is selected as the midscale position. (This assumes that the flowmeters for the various streams are sized in proper proportion, so that under normal operation they will all read about the same percentage flow.) Thus the gain of a typical ratio station would be adjustable from 0.3 to 3.0. 

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