Plant and Animal Samples

By combining microdialysis with nanoESI-MS, low-volume, low-concentration releases of small proteins in a three-dimensional neural cell culture system could be detected [78]. While microdialysis removes interferents, it also has an effect on the temporal resolution of the device ( 1 min). Alternatively, a microdialysis probe can be coupled with paper-spray ionization MS which enables the monitoring of glucose in a cell culture medium [79]. 

Probe electrospray ionization (PESI) and TOF-MS were used for direct profiling of phytochemicals in different parts of a fresh tulip bulb [80], which emphasized the possibility of conducting in-vivo MS analysis of less sensitive biological matrices such as plant tissues. Recently, Pan et al. [81] demonstrated single-probe MS which can conduct metabolomic analysis of individual living cells in real time. The diameter of this probe is 10 pm which makes the device compatible with eukaryotic cells. Atmospheric pressure ion sources are particularly suitable for analysis of live biological specimens. Cellular metabolism does not need to be quenched before analysis. For instance, in laser ablation electrospray ionization (LAESI)-MS, cells are irradiated by a laser beam in order to extract small amounts of cytosolic components, and to transfer them to the ESI plume [82]. 

It is also feasible to monitor enzymatic reactions taking place inside biological tissues by bringing the specimens very close to the ion source [84]. Biotransformation of alliin to allicin by allinase in raw garlic cloves could be monitored in vivo by internal EESI-MS. The reactants were extracted by an infused solution running throughout the tissue. The extract was ionized on the edge of the specimen [84]. 

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Metals Sediments, plant and animal samples, medicaments, soils Diluted inorganic acid 10-20... 

Organic compounds (PAHs, phenol and derivatives, PCBs, diben-zofurans and dibenzodioxins, pesticides, humic compounds, phthalic acid esters, amines, drugs) Natural waters, waste, serum, biological fluids, plant and animal samples, sediments LC, HPLC... 

Data on the concentration of hydrocarbons from gasoline contamination in media other than air, water, and soil are very limited. This is due, at least in part, to the difficulty in tracing the source of hydrocarbon contamination in other environmental media such as food, fish and shellfish, and terrestrial plants and animals. Samples of bivalve mollusks collected 2 days following an accidental spill of gasoline into Block Island Sound, Rhode Island, contained low levels of gasoline compounds (Dimock et al. 1980). However, there were no adequate control samples by which to confirm background levels of these compounds in the shellfish, so it is not certain that the contamination resulted from the spill. 

Zeb, A. and Murkovic, M. 2010. Thin-layer chromatographic analysis of carotenoids in plant and animal samples, J. Planar Chromatogr., 23 94—103. 

There are many studies using LA-ICP-MS to image the essential and toxic elements in biological tissues in recent years. Among these studies, Becker s group has done a great deal of excellent work and published a series of articles on the application of LA-ICP-MS the samples tested, including plant and animal samples, are introduced below. 

This sensitivity to vegetation also appears in the data from our study of modem plants and animals. More than a thousand samples spanning a wide range of species of both plants and animals were selected from a five-county area in northeastern Wisconsin. While herbivores have significantly lower... 

Analysis of methyl parathion in sediments, soils, foods, and plant and animal tissues poses problems with extraction from the sample matrix, cleanup of samples, and selective detection. Sediments and soils have been analyzed primarily by GC/ECD or GC/FPD. Food, plant, and animal tissues have been analyzed primarily by GC/thermionic detector or GC/FPD, the recommended methods of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Various extraction and cleanup methods (AOAC 1984 Belisle and Swineford 1988 Capriel et al. 1986 Kadoum 1968) and separation and detection techniques (Alak and Vo-Dinh 1987 Betowski and Jones 1988 Clark et al. 1985 Gillespie and Walters 1986 Koen and Huber 1970 Stan 1989 Stan and Mrowetz 1983 Udaya and Nanda 1981) have been used in an attempt to simplify sample preparation and improve sensitivity, reliability, and selectivity. A detection limit in the low-ppb range and recoveries of 100% were achieved in soil and plant and animal tissue by Kadoum (1968). GC/ECD analysis following extraction, cleanup, and partitioning with a hexane-acetonitrile system was used. 

Extraction of Sodium Channel Blockers. A review of published reports shows that methods for purification of sodium channel blockers from bacterial cultures are similar to techniques for isolation of TTX and STX from pufferfish and dinoflagellates (30, 31, 38, 39). Typically, cell pellets of bacterial cultures are extracted with hot 0.1% acetic acid, the resulting supernatant ultra-filtered, lyo-philized, and reconstituted in a minimal volume of 0.1% acetic acid. Culture media can also be extracted for TTX by a similar procedure (Ji). Both cell and supernatant extracts are analyzed further by gel filtration chromatography and other biological, chemical, and immunological methods. Few reports describe purification schemes that include extraction of control samples of bacteriological media (e.g., broths and agars) which may be derived from marine plant and animal tissues. 

Acetochlor and its metabolites are extracted from plant and animal materials with aqueous acetonitrile. After filtration and evaporation of the solvent, the extracted residue is hydrolyzed with base, and the hydrolysis products, EMA and HEMA (Figure 1), are steam distilled into dilute acid. The distillate is adjusted to a basic pH, and EMA and HEMA are extracted with dichloromethane. EMA and HEMA are partitioned into aqueous-methanolic HCl solution. Following separation from dichloromethane, additional methanol is added, and HEMA is converted to methylated HEMA (MEMA) over 12 h. The pH of the sample solution is adjusted to the range of the HPLC mobile phase, and EMA and MEMA are separated by reversed phase HPLC and quantitated using electrochemical detection. 

The following sections discuss in detail the Py-GC/MS of proteinaceous materials, oils and fats, and then briefly plant and animal resins, polysaccharide materials, and beeswax. Particular attention is given to the application of this analytical technique to characterise samples from works of art. At the end of the chapter four case studies are presented. 

The technique is used predominantly for the isolation of a single chemical species prior to a determination and to a lesser extent as a method of concentrating trace quantities. The most widespread application is in the determination of metals as minor and trace constituents in a variety of inorganic and organic materials, e g. the selective extraction and spectrometric determination of metals as coloured complexes in the analysis of metallurgical and geological samples as well as for petroleum products, foodstuffs, plant and animal tissue and body fluids. 

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