Mollusks bivalves

Wootton, E. C. et al., Comparisons of PAH induced modulation in three bivalve mollusks, Aquatic Toxicol., 65, 13, 2003. 

Saxitoxins are water-soluble compounds that prevent proper nerve functioning. They are produced in nature by plant-like marine protozoa called dinoflagellates. Humans typically acquire such toxins by eating bivalve mollusks fed on dinoflagellates. A terrorist would likely deliver a saxitoxin as an aerosol or use it as a poison to contaminate food or water. 

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) 1984, Standard Practice for Conducting Bioconcentration Tests with Fishes and Saltwater Bivalve Mollusks. Annual Book of ASTM Standards No. E 1022-84 Vol 11.05 Philadelphia PA pp. 286-303. 

The zebra mussel, Dreissenapolymorpha, is a most successful invertebrate invader. This Eurasian bivalve mollusk has recently entered the US, first in the Great Lakes region and then the Mississippi and Hudson rivers, where it is out of control. 

ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) (1997) Standard Guide for Conducting Static Acute Toxicity Tests Starting with Embryos of Four Species of Saltwater Bivalve Mollusks, Method E724-94, Vol. 11, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA, USA. 

Stevens, P.M., New host record for pea crabs (Pinnotheres spp.) symbiotic with bivalve mollusks in New Zealand (Decapoda, Brachyura), Crustaceana, 63, 216, 1992. 

Levi-Kalisman, Y., Falini, G., Addadi, L., and Weiner, S. "Structure of the nacreous organic matrix of a bivalve mollusk shell examined in the hydrated state using Cryo-TEM".. Struct. Biol. 135(1), 8-17 (2001). 

Nevesskaya LA (1963) Identifier for bivalve mollusks of the Quaternary deposits of the Black Sea. AN SSSR, Moscow (in Russian)... 

Among bivalve mollusks, shipworms Teredo navalis, were the first encountered they invaded from the Black Sea in 1953-1955 during the increase in the salinity of the Sea of Azov. Under low salinity values, their abundance is low, but when the salinity grows, in the warm seasons, outbursts of the mass development of shipworms are possible sometimes, they result in a rapid damage or even destruction of wooden constructions. Among other bivalve mollusk species, in 1966-1967, the brackish-water species Mya arenaria was encountered it distributed over almost the entire Sea of Azov. At present, this... 

The Black Sea mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis is one more bivalve mollusk species that invaded the Sea of Azov at the end of the 1950s at the salinity increase. Before the Don River runoff was regulated, only single mussel specimens were encountered later, when the salinity increased, mussels obtained optimal conditions for their development and started to spread over the entire area of the basin [34], Presently, mussels also play an important role in the benthic biocoenoses of the Sea of Azov. 

No examples of consumption of adult representatives of rapa whelk by fishes or other hydrobionts are known only its planktonic larvae may be consumed by planktivorous fishes. Rapa whelk is an active predator that consumes valuable representatives of benthos. It inserts significant changes into the structure of bottom biocoenoses and often is the dominating species of the bottom communities being itself an ecological dead-end. Therefore, its commercial extraction is extremely important for reducing the pressure on bivalve mollusks. 

A number of insects and other invertebrates create thin fibers, for a variety of reasons. Spiders make webs for support and to capture and encase their prey. Some bivalve mollusks create byssal threads that anchor the animal s shell to rocks or other substrate. 

Adapedonta, Teredinidae (bivalve mollusks) Bankia, Teredo spp.)... 

MacClintock, C. and Pannella, G., 1969. Time of calcification in the bivalve mollusk M. mercenaria (L) during the 24 hour period. Abstract. Ann. Meeting Geol. Soc. Am., p. 140. 

Data on the concentration of hydrocarbons from gasoline contamination in media other than air, water, and soil are very limited. This is due, at least in part, to the difficulty in tracing the source of hydrocarbon contamination in other environmental media such as food, fish and shellfish, and terrestrial plants and animals. Samples of bivalve mollusks collected 2 days following an accidental spill of gasoline into Block Island Sound, Rhode Island, contained low levels of gasoline compounds (Dimock et al. 1980). However, there were no adequate control samples by which to confirm background levels of these compounds in the shellfish, so it is not certain that the contamination resulted from the spill. 

Limited data were located regarding methods for detecting the hydrocarbon components of gasoline in biota (bivalve mollusks) (Dimock et al. 1980). The methods used were GC (detector not reported) and GC/MS. Sample preparation included tissue digestion, extraction and clean-up, and solvent exchange to hexane. Recovery was poor (-60%). Sensitivity and precision were not reported. 

Conducting Static Acute Toxicity Tests Starting with Embryos of Four Species of Saltwater Bivalve Mollusks... 

ASTM. 1994. Standard guide for conducting bioconcentration test with fishes and saltwater bivalve mollusks. ASTM 1996 Annual Book of Standards Vol. 11.05, E1022-94. American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, pp. 365-382. 

Van Beneden, R.J., G.R. Gardner, N.J. Blake and D.G. Blair. Implications for the presence of transforming genes in gonadal tumors in two bivalve mollusk species. Cancer Res. 53 2976-2979, 1993. 

Shellfish belong to the biological group of species known as mollusks, animals with a shell and a foot. Univalve mollusks have one shell and include many species of snails, conchs, and others. Bivalve mollusks have two shells and include clams, scallops, and oysters. There are many species of mollusks and both freshwater and salt water varieties. In addition to their use as food, shells were often used to make beads, fishhooks and other objects. Crushed shells have been used as a source of lime, for pottery temper, and as construction material. In some areas such as the South Pacific, shells of species like the cowrie have been traded as valued items over long distances and even used as money. 

In bivalve mollusks there are two sites for the selection of particulate matter the gills/labial palps, and the stomach. Studies on selectivity by the gills have generally shown that there is a size limit below which the animal does not retain particles efficiently110). Bernard has outlined a mechanism for the selection of particulate matter which is based on the specific gravity of the particles such that the more dense material does not reach the gills and is rejected as pseudofeces111). Based on Bernard s data the particulate matter passed into the stomach would not be selected on food value. 

---