Tulip bulbs

Another application areas of microtomography are biology and agriculture. Fig.4a shows an X-ray transmission image through the tulip bulb in wet conditions. Damaged area can be found in the surface of this bulb. Fig.4b shows the reconstructed cross section with information about depth of damaged volume. 

Fig.4.Microtomography of tulip bulb shadow image (a) and cross-sections (b)...

Missing from this list is Peter McGahey, my developmental editor, who deserves special thanks. He soothed frayed nerves and lifted sagging spirits with his positive, optimistic personality. His good humor provided an extra dose of energy. It also helped to get off topic once in a while to chat about tulip bulbs in the spring and perennials in the summer Thanks, Peter. You were an oasis of calm on many days. 

The properties of most substances—from steel to stones, from light bulbs to tulip bulbs—are largely determined by the number and energy of the electrons in the atoms making up the object. This chapter will explore how electrons are arranged in an atom and how scientists discovered those arrangements. 

During the Second World War, women in the Netherlands had to resort to eat tulip bulbs. They blamed their frequent menstmal upsets and ovulation failures on this diet. Harborne (1993) listed garlic, oats, barley, rye grass, coffee, sunflower, parsley, and potato tubers as having effects on estrus in women, but also cows. The active principle may not be a hormone but rather compounds that... 

Tulipa edulis Bak. T. gesneriana L. Shan Ci Yu Jin Xian (Tulip) (bulb) Colchicine, alkaloids, starch.48 Relieve swelling, lymphatic gland infection, throat infection. 

Polysaccharides that exclusively contain D-fructose are known as fructans and there are two known kinds, inulin and levan. Inulin is a polysaccharide containing -D-fructofuranose linked (2 1) [118]. Inulins are found in the roots and tubers of the family of plants known as the Compositae, which includes asters, dandelions, dahlias, cosmos, burdock, goldenrod, chicory, lettuce, and Jerusalem artichokes. Other sources are from the Liliacae family, which includes lily bulbs, onion, hyacinth, and tulip bulbs. Inulins are also produced by certain species of algae [119]. Several bacterial strains of Streptococcus mutans also produce an extracellular inulin from sucrose [120]. 

Leaves yellow plant stunted. Cause Tulip bulb aphids. These aphids infest both the bulbs and aboveground portions of the plant. They suck sap from leaves, stems, and flowers, causing foliage to curl, pucker, and yellow. Rower buds may be stunted. Inspect bulbs carefully before you buy look for clusters of gray, waxy aphids under the bulb coat. Spray infested plants with insecticidal soap. Destroy seriously infested bulbs or try dusting them with pyrethrin. 

Tubers, discolored or rotted, 401-2 Tuberworms, potato. See Potato tuberworms Tulipa. 241-42 lilies and, 142 problems of, 242 viruses and, 351 Tulip bulb aphids, 51,242 Tulip fire, 242... 

Corm, corms Plant bulbs such as tulip bulbs, etc. 

Nakajima, K. et al. Screening method of carbohydrate-binding proteins in biological sources by capillary affinity electrophoresis and its apphcation to determination of Tulipa gesneriana agglutinin in tulip bulbs. Glycobiology, 14, 793, 2004. 

C5H6O2, Mr 98.10, liquid, bp. (0.27 kPa) 56-57 °C. Skin-irritating, weakly antibacterially active compound from tulip bulbs Tulipa gesneriana, Erythro-nium americanum). 

Probe electrospray ionization (PESI) and TOF-MS were used for direct profiling of phytochemicals in different parts of a fresh tulip bulb [80], which emphasized the possibility of conducting in-vivo MS analysis of less sensitive biological matrices such as plant tissues. Recently, Pan et al. [81] demonstrated single-probe MS which can conduct metabolomic analysis of individual living cells in real time. The diameter of this probe is < 10 pm which makes the device compatible with eukaryotic cells. Atmospheric pressure ion sources are particularly suitable for analysis of live biological specimens. Cellular metabolism does not need to be quenched before analysis. For instance, in laser ablation electrospray ionization (LAESI)-MS, cells are irradiated by a laser beam in order to extract small amounts of cytosolic components, and to transfer them to the ESI plume [82]. 

Yu, Z., Chen, L.C., Suzuki, H., Ariyada, O., Erra-Balsells, R., Nonami, H., Hiraoka, K. (2009) Direct Profiling of Phytochemicals in Tulip Tissues and In Vivo Monitoring of the Change of Carbohydrate Content in Tulip Bulbs by Probe Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 20 2304-2311. 

Patch testing can also be done with an extract of tulip bulb (the Apeldoorn variety is suitable). This is done by shaking fresh bulb material in 80% acetone (in water) for 90 min, evaporating it dry and resuspending it in a 1% concentration in alcohol [109]. The bulb surface is also satisfactory after the brown outside layer is removed. Controls are recommended. One patient developed depigmentation from testing with Alstroemeria [112]. 

Bruynzeel DP, Hausen BM (1987) Allergic contact dermatitis to hydrangea. Contact Dermatitis 16 181 Hausen BM (1982) Airborne contact dermatitis caused by tulip bulbs. J Am Acad Dermatol 7 500-503 Apted JH (1990) Contact dermatitis due to Alstroemeria (Peruvian lily). Australas J Dermatol 31 111-113 Santucci B, Picardo M, lavarone C, Trogolo C (1985) Contact dermatitis to Alstroemeria. Contact Dermatitis 12 215-219 Hausen BM, Schulz KH (1977) Occupational contact dermatitis due to croton (Codiaeum variegatum (L.) A. Juss var. 

Bruynzeel DP (1997) Bulb dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 37 70-77 Bruynzeel DP, van Ketel WG (1986) Contact dermatitis due to chlorothalonil in floriculture. Contact Dermatitis 14 67-68 Bruynzeel DP, Tafelkruijer J, Wilks MF (1995) Contact dermatitis due to a new fungicide used in the tulip bulb industry. Contact Dermatitis 33 8-11... 

Fluazinam is a pesticide with a broad-spectrum antifungal activity. It caused sensitization in employees in the tulip-bulb industry and in farmers. Fluazinam induced contact dermatitis in a worker in a plant where it was manufactured. 

Tuliposide is a prohapten contained in tulip bulbs and in alstroemerias Tulipa spp. Alstroemeria spp. Lili-um spp.). It is rapidly hydrolyzed to Tulipalin A and represents a common occupational problem among workers in the European tulip industry. 

The tuliposides, hemiterpenes present in tulip bulbs, are precursors of the fungitoxic tulipalins (E 5.4) ... 

Tulipalins formed from tuliposides by hydrolysis and cycliza-tion are fungitoxins of tulip bulbs... 

Methyleneglutamic acid and 4-amino-2-methylenebutyric acid occur in tulips. The lactone of 4-hydroxy-2-methylenebutyric acid, isolated from tulip bulbs, supposedly derives from one of these amino-acids. Incorporation of labelled acetate and pyruvic acid into the lactone has been taken as evidence of a condensation reaction, although the results are also in keeping with the operation of the above-mentioned exchange reaction. 

POSSIBLE ROLE OF MEMBRANE LIPID DEGRADATION IN TULIP BULB SCALE MICROPROPAGATION... 

Tulip bulbs cv. "Apeldoom" and cv. "destiny" were used. Explants were cut from the basal part of the second and third bulb scale and cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium containing supplements according to Nishiuchi (1). As growth regulators 2,4-D (1 mg/1) and BAP (1.5 mg/1) were added. 

CHANGES IN TULIP BULB SCALE EXPLANTS DURING INCUBATION... 

Figure 1 Changes in fatty acid composition of phospholipids during incubation of tulip bulb scale explants (+ palmitic, a stearic,...

It appeared that membranes of tulip bulb scale explants are subject to large changes during culturing. Not only breakdown of membrane constituents seems to occur (e.g. formation of MDA), but also there are rapid changes in the phopholipid composition especially the increase in linolenic acid wi in two days is remarkable. 

Nishiuchi, Y. and J. Koster. Difference in organogenic activity in the scale tissue culture between tulip bulbs grown at Asahikawa and bulbs grown in the Netherlands. J. Hokk. Univ. Educ. 1988 39 51-56. 

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