Placement of fill material

The placement of fill material in a coastal zone or a riverbed can change the sea currents or river flow, which can cause changes in erosion patterns and siltation. This must be taken into consideration in the design stage as well as during construction. 

During dredging, transport and placement of fill material a change in volume occurs. This is caused by a change of density (bulking) and by loss of fine material. This is schematically shown in Figure 5.1. 

Placement of fill material using a discharge pipeline... 

Piled underground foundations which are not removed before the placement of fill material will behave like hard spots that may cause problems in view of differential settlements. The decision to remove old foundations depends on the requirements with respect to the future use of the area. Should the foundations maintain their function after completion of the filling works then it is to be investigated which measures are required to satisfy that requirement. 

Endodontics is concerned with the removal of damaged, diseased or necrotic pulp tissue from root canals of teeth, followed by placement of filling and seeing materials. In current practice, rotary drills in the dental handpiece are commonly used to rapidly enlarge root canals to facilitate subsequent removal of pulp tissue. 

Strong currents during placement of fill in water will have adverse effects on the accuracy of this operation as they could transport significant volumes of material outside the boundaries of the reclamation area. The same transport capacity of currents could also cause unwanted siltation of environmentally sensitive areas. 

Very gentle slopes can be realised by hydraulic placement of fill. This way, stability problems when adding fill on very soft material will generally be limited, compared to dry fill procedures. 

Quality control can also be executed by monitoring the behaviour of the reclamation. The settlement of the fill can, for example, be measured on a regular basis after placement of the material. Interpretation of this time-settlement behaviour will demonstrate whether a specified residual settlement after construction will be satisfied or not. If necessary it can be decided to timely undertake remedial measures. Other aspects of monitoring are related to horizontal soil deformations near a slope or existing structures and the dissipation of excess pore pressures in soft subsoil underneath a fill. 

Dentistry is concerned with the preservation, repair, and replacement of teeth. As such, it increasingly makes use of modem adhesive materials and techniques. For example, the placement of adhesive materials to fill fissures of newly empted teeth in which decay-inducing bacteria might otherwise lodge is a widely practiced procedure in preventative dentistry (Mount and Hume 2005). In restorative dentistry, repair using the tooth-colored materials known as composite resins involves bonding to the tooth by bespoke adhesive systems, whereas repair with the alternative tooth-colored options, the glass-ionomer cements, exploits their inherently adhesive nature (Mount 2002). 

FIGURE 31.9 Schematic of the fan placement and roof penetration of a typical installation. (Adapted from U.S. EPA, Sub-Slab Depressurization for Low-Permeability Fill Material—Design and Installation of a Home Radon Reduction System, EPA/625/6-91/029, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, July 1991.)... 

Wetlands modifications and/or the placement of dredge and fill materials into surface waters is covered by a permit program administered by the US Army Corp of Engineers. The CWA defines surface waters to include wetlands, hence, activities that involve any modification of wetlands are covered by the US Army Corps of Engineers. The... 

Section 404 Placement of dredged or fill materials into wetlands and others waters... 

On the basis of all the material we have reviewed here, we can say that during the initial period of particle adhesion, i.e., in kinetic adhesion, the hydro-dynamic factor is operative in liquid media. As the particles approach the surface, the liquid is squeezed out and the interlayer thickness between the contiguous bodies approaches an equilibrium thickness corresponding to the transition between kinetic adhesion and static adhesion. In air-dusting with subsequent placement of the dust-covered specimen in a liquid, the contact zone becomes wetted, this zone is filled with liquid, and a liquid interlayer with equilibrium thickness is formed. 

Quarrying of the dacite ceased in the 1980s. Following this, the site lay idle for around 10 years, before a composting and waste disposal facility was established. Since then, the site has received inert waste materials, which are gradually filling the abandoned quarry void. Prior to placement of waste, liners and leachate collection facilities are established in the base of the void, and an array of water sampling piezometers have been installed around the site. 

Vias are subsequently filled with a specially formulated conductive material applied through a stencil in a screen printing process. The stencil is made from 0.002- to 0.003-inthick brass or stainless steel containing etched or punched vias of the same pattern as the tape. The stencil and punched tape are typically optically aligned before printing the conductive pastes into the vias. Quality factors are completeness of fill, without overfill, and accuracy of placement of the fill material. 

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