Pipe orientation

Experimental samples of the fiat miniature heat pipe were chosen as copper /water heat pipe with three types of a wick sintered powder wick, wire mesh wick and wire bundle wick (Figure 10). The experimental data of qmax, Qmax, Rhp, he and he as a function of heat pipe tilt were obtained for different heat load and heat pipe orientation in space and temperature level. 

Two correlations are widely used the Lockhart-Martinelli correlation and the homogeneous model of Dukler and others. Dukler s correlation will be slightly better for most applications. Both correlations are expected to give better accuracy for horizontal flow than for vertical flow. Only when the two-phase pressure drop is high will the estimate be relatively independent of pipe orientation. 

Zaltash A. Application of thermodynamic approach to pneumatic transport at pipe orientations above the horizontal. Ph.D. diss.. University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 1987. 

Develop the system curve for flow of water at approximately 10 kg/s through 100 m of 2 in schedule 40 commercial steel pipe oriented horizontally. 

Four-blade disk turbines-vertical baffle coil. Dunlap and Rushton s (1953) correlation is recommended with appropriate geometric corrections added. Table 14-3 gives K = 0.06, which seems high based on the findings of Gentry and Small (1978) for baffle pipes oriented at 45° to the vessel diameter. It may be prudent to use K = 0.04 rather than K = 0.06. 

Mixer Type Pipe Orientation H - Horizontal V - Vertical S - Stratified P - Poor A - Adequate... 

A. Zaltash, C.A. Myler, S. Dhodapkar, G.E. Klinzing, "Application of Thermodynamic Approach to Pneumatic Transport At Various Pipe Orientations", Powder Technol. 1989, , Pgs. 199-207. 

Note—Arrow does not irKtcate piping orientation. 

The Driving Module houses power supply, circuits for determination of travel distance (odometer wheels) and circumferential orientation, and a computer and a storage facility for all data recorded. The Driving Module has cups extending to the pipe wall, thus providing the movement of the tool after its launching into the continuous oil flow. 

Orientation. Most articles made of HDPE, including film, fiber, pipes, and injection-molded articles, exhibit some degree of molecular and crystal orientation (21). In some cases, orientation develops spontaneously for example, during melt flow into a mold and its subsequent crystallisation. When blown HDPE film and fiber are manufactured, orientation can be introduced dehberately by stretching. 

Figure 12 shows the plan and elevation views of a process unit piping (9). A dmm is supported off the piperack. Heat exchangers are located far enough back from the support columns so that they are accessible and their shell covers can be removed. Pumps are located underneath the piperack, but sufficient room is provided for maintenance equipment to access the motors and to remove the pump if necessary. The motor is always oriented away from the process equipment and located on that side of the piperack. Instmment valve drops are shown supported from the columns. The instmment trays themselves mn on the outside of the support columns. Flat turns are only made from the outside position of the piperack. Nozzle-to-nozzle pipe mns are made whenever possible. Larger lines are located on the outside of the piperack. Connections to nozzles above the rack are made from the top... 

Cascade coolers are a series of standard pipes, usually manifolded in parallel, and connected in series by vertically or horizontally oriented U-bends. Process fluid flows inside the pipe entering at the bottom and water trickles from the top downward over the external pipe surface. The water is collected from a trough under the pipe sections, cooled, and recirculated over the pipe sections. The pipe material can be any of the metallic and also glass, impeiMous graphite, and ceramics. The tubeside coefficient and pressure drop is as in any circular duct. The water coefficient (with Re number less than 2100) is calculated from the following equation by W.H. McAdams, TB. Drew, and G.S. Bays Jr., from the ASME trans. 62, 627-631 (1940). 

Differential pressure is included in the pressure instrument class. Good differential readout gauges are still not all that common. Fortunately, in the transducer category, they are more readily available. Figure 8-26 covers some installation details for pressure-oriented instrument piping, supplementing the information presented earlier in Figure 8-8. 

Figure 8-26. Installation details for pressure oriented inshument piping [11.

For centrifugal compressors, nozzle orientation must be specified. If the compressor is on an elevated foundation, the down-nozzle orientation makes maintenance much easier, because major piping does not have to be removed to lift the casing upper half. Figure 11-1 shows an unusual case where all the nozzles are in the upper casing half. 

Orgel,/. organ, -metall, n. organ-pipe metal, orientalisch, a. Oriental, orientieren, v.t. orient. 

Ceramic, plastic and other non-metal tower shells are used quite often (Figures 9-3, 4, and 5). It is important to consider in ceramic construction that the main inlet or outlet nozzles or any other large connections should be oriented 90° to each other to reduce the possibility of cracking the walls, as most cracks go one-half diameter. Preferably there should only be one nozzle at any one horizontal plane. The nozzles should never carry any piping or other stress load. 

Stoking Method of orienting a tool using two pipe clamps, a telescope with a hair line, and an aligning bar to determine the orientation at each section of pipe run in the hole. 

Mule shoe A shaped form used on the bottom of orienting tools to position the tool. The shape resembles a mule shoe or the end of a pipe that has been cut both diagonally and concave. The shaped end forms a wedge to rotate the tool when lowered into a mating seat for the mule shoe. 

A second radial (Y-axis) measurement point should be positioned at 90° to the primary in a plane that captures secondary shaft deflection. For the pump illustrated in Figure 44.21, the secondary (Y-axis) radial measurement point is located on top of the pump s bearing cap and oriented downward. Since the pump has a clockwise rotation, back-pressure in the discharge piping forces the shaft both downward and horizontally toward the front of the picture. 

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