Southern pine wood

Woody biomass contains plant roots, bark, leaves, branches, limbs, trunks, and vines from trees and shrubs. Just as trees are grown to produce lumber and other products for paper and furniture industries, trees can be grown for chemicals, polymers as well as energy. In the southeastern United States, pine plantation is the most abundant source of woody biomass. 

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Wood Delignijication. The production of wood pulp (qv) for the paper (qv) industry consists of removing lignin (qv) from wood chips, thus freeing the ceUulose fibers. An aqueous solution containing 30—70 wt % sulfolane efficiently extracts the lignin from aspen. Western hemlock, and Southern pine wood chips. Pulp yields are from 50—75% (43,44). 

Chow, P., Bao, Z., Youngquist, J.A., Rowell, R.M., Muehl, J.H. and Krzysik, A.M. (1996b). Properties of hardboards made from acetylated aspen and southern pine. Wood and Fiber Science, 28(2), 252-258. 

Rowell, R.M. (1977b). Effects of drying method and penetration of chemicals on chemically modified southern pine. Wood Science, 9(3), 144-148. 

Rowell, R.M. and Ellis, W.D. (1979). Chemical modification of wood reaction of methyl isocyanate with southern pine. Wood Science, 12(1), 52-58. 

Rowell, R.M., Wang, R.H.S. and Hyatt, J.A. (1986f). Flakeboards made from aspen and southern pine wood flakes reacted with gaseous ketene. Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology, 6(3), 449 71. 

Fig. 4.6.8. Raman spectra of southern pine wood meal before and after various durations of acid chlorite treatment...

Fig. 4.6.9. Correlation of the 1595 cm 1 band height with lignin content of Southern pine wood meal after acid chlorite treatments. Data points in top right-hand corner correspond to lignin in untreated wood...

The long-term effectiveness of TBTMA as a biocide has been confirmed (23). The deterioration of southern pine wood specimens impregnated with TBTMA has been compared with specimens that were treated with pentachlorophenol methacrylate (PGPMA) or pen-tabromophenol methacrylate (PGBMA). The three esters were incorporated as the copolymer by in situ copolymerization with methyl methacrylate (MMA) at different molar ratios of the comonomers. 

Koshijima T and Watanabe T (2003) Association between lignin and carbohydrates in wood and other plant tissues. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Kretchmann DE (2003) Velcro mechanics in wood. Nature Materials, 2 775-6 Kretschmann DE and Green DW (1996) Modeling moisture content-mechanical properly relationships for clear Southern Pine. Wood and Fiber Science, 25(3) 320-37 Kubler H (1987) Growth stresses in trees and related wood properties. Forestry Abstracts, 45(3) 131-89... 

Southern pine wood chips were subjected to a series of laccase-mediator (LMS) bio-pretreatments for kraft pulping employing 2,2 -azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonate)... 

Eberhardt, T. L., T. Elder, and N. Labbe. 2007. Analysis of ethanol-soluble extractives in southern pine wood by low-field proton NMR. Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology 21, no. 1 35—47. 

Howard E T 1971 Bark structure of the southern pines. Wood Sci 3 134-148... 

Chemical charge, Hquor composition, time of heatup, and time at temperature of reaction are all functions of the wood species or species mix being digested and the intended use of the pulp. A typical set of conditions for southern pine chips in the production of bleachable-grade pulp for fine papers is active alkaH, 18% sulfidity, 25% and Hquor-to-wood ratio, 4 1. Time of heatup is 90 min to 170°C time at temperature of reaction, 90 min at 170°C. Hardwoods require less vigorous conditions primarily because of the lower initial lignin content. 

CTO prices are closely tied to the cycles of the U.S. economy and the paper industry. They vary between 120 and 220 per metric ton. In 1995 they were close to 200/t (4). With 50% of pine wood being converted to linerboard valued at 400— 600 per ton, pulp manufacturers do not focus on optimum black Hquor soap recovery, which only amounts of 60—70 kg/1 of southern pine pulp. This soap is converted to 30—35 kg of CTO, worth 6— 7 or less than a Htde over 1% of the pulp value (5). This recovery is only 45% of the CTO available in the pine tree. With more care and higher CTO prices, 10—15 kg of additional CTO could be obtained per ton of pulp (6). 

In 1932, the first plywood hot press was installed in the United States. This marked the advent of the large market for phenolic wood adhesives [51]. By 1962, the volume of phenolic wood adhesives had reached about 33 kt (solids) in the U.S. Growth was accelerated in 1962 with the development of Southern pine plywood. By 1979, the consumption of phenolic plywood adhesives exceeded 220 kt or about 25% of phenolic resin production [51]. Phenolic adhesive demand for wood products took another jump in 1964 with the commencement of waferboard production. The first oriented strandboard (OSB) plants were built in 1981 [52]. OSB soon replaced most of the waferboard production and began a period of... 

W Western Wood Products Association S -r Southern Pine Inspection Bureau R - Redwood Inspection Senicc... 

Differences in reactivity between wood species have been observed, which can be attributed to a number of factors. Rowell etal. (1986c) acetylated southern pine and aspen flakes under identical reaction conditions, and found that the softwood species exhibited a higher rate of reaction. Beckers and Militz (1994) performed a pilot-scale study of the acetylation of beech, eucalyptus, poplar, pine, Douglas fir and spruce, finding considerable differences in reactivity between the woods studied. 

Chen, G.C., Rowell, R.M. and ElUs, W.D. (1990). Fungal resistance of southern pine impregnated with methyl fluorophenyl carbamates or reacted with fluorophenyl isocyanates. Wood and Fiber Science, 22(2), 165-172. 

Chow, P., Harp, T., Meimban, R., Youngquist, J.A. and Rowell, R.M. (1994). Biodegradation of acetylated southern pine and aspen composition board. International Research Group on Wood Preservation, Doc. No. IRGAVP 94 0020. 

EUis, W.D. and Rowell, R.M. (1984). Reaction of isocyanates with southern pine to improve dimensional stability and decay resistance. Wood and Fiber Science, 16(3), 349-356. 

Hon, D.N.S. and Bangi, A.P. (1996). Chemical modification of juvenUe wood. Part 1. JuvenUity and response of southern pine OSB flakes to acetylation. Forest Products Journal, 46(7/8), 73-78. 

Rowell, R.M., Hart, S.V. and Esenther, G.R. (1979). Resistance of alkylene-oxide-modified southern pine to attack by subterranean termites. Wood Science, 11(4), 271-274. 

Rowell, R.M., Esenther, G.R., Nicholas, D.D. and Nilsson, T. (1987b). Biological resistance of southern pine and aspen flakeboards made from acetylated flakes. Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology, 7(3), 427-440. 

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