Pills dosage form

Provide either in vitro or in vivo assay results for representative compounds, describe how the in vitro or in vivo assay protocol is performed, and describe how and why the test results demonstrate that the tested compounds exhibit a useful pharmaceutical property. Ideally, provide and link in vitro assay results to in vivo assay results that in turn demonstrate that the claimed compounds can be used to treat or prevent a disease. Describe how to administer the application s compounds and intended administration recipients (e.g., humans), including dosage amounts and dosage forms (e.g., pills, tablets, capsules), possible ways of administering the dosage... 

The majority of streptococcal infections occurred in children under ten, so the new drug proved a particular blessing to the very young (20). The big tablets of sulfanilamide could be administered successfully in hospitals to all but the smallest babies. Most sick children, however, received treatment at home, and mothers found it difficult to get them to swallow large pills. This circumstance seemed to call for a liquid dosage form. A number of attempts to find a suitable vehicle, however, proved unavailing. 

For a very long time, scientists generally underestimated the importance of excipients in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Excipients were cheap ingredients viewed solely as inert supports for medicaments. Today, with modern pharmaceutical excipients on the shelf, development of various novel drug delivery systems, and production with high-speed tablet/capsule machines, excipients are rather more than the sugar in the pill.9,10... 

Meredith, D.T. Innovations in dosage forms friable pills and escaps. J. Am. Pharm. Assoc. (Pract. Pharm. Ed.) 1959,... 

The use of compressed pills, as they were then known, increased rapidly. It is likely that the term tablet for this dosage form was first used in the United States in the 1870s. Power-driven presses replaced Brockedon s hammer, and by 1874 there existed both rotary and excentric presses, which in their mode of operation were fundamentally similar to those in use at the present time. The tablet lent itself to mass manufacture by mechanical means, in contrast to the slower labour-intensive production of older solid dosage forms such as the pill. It is impractical for individual pharmacists to produce small quantities... 

Ciprofloxacin is available in oral dosage forms, both pills and suspension. It may also be administered intravenously. 

Since some of these medications were given orally, solid dosage forms were already prepared early in human history by the tribal medicine people, because fine powders can not be swallowed easily and the concoctions often had a bad taste. To that end, the powdered drugs were mixed with binders, for example starch (flour) and water or honey, and rolled into spherical pills. Honey was often also used to mask the taste. Because the pills thus produced were still sticky after rolling, they were sometimes coated, for example with pollen, to render them dry and easily storable. 

A low dosage of progestin ( mini-pill ) is used, in the form of medroxyprogesterone acetate, which is active at a very low dose. The mini-pill does not inhibit ovulation, but rather interferes with the endometrium and the cervical mucus. The use of this pill prevents most of the side effects of oral contraception, specifically nausea, water retention, and in some cases thrombophlebitis. However, a lower success rate and other frequent side effects have reduced the widespread acceptance of this preparation. Nevertheless, the mini-pill has a role to play in certain specific situations. For example, in an uncommon form of epilepsy called catamenial epilepsy, female patients will experience seizures at particular times during their menstrual cycle, reflecting the fact that seizure focus is stimulated by estrogens but inhibited by progestins. In such women, the mini-pill may afford not only birth control but also improved seizure control. 

Weight loss medications are manufactured in pill and capsule form. A doctor s prescription is required, and the medications are taken by mouth. The patient follows a dosage schedule set by the physician. 

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