Pile studies and

But chemical engineering is more than a group of basic industries or a pile of economic statistics. As an intellectual discipline, it is deeply involved in both basic and applied research. Chemical engineers bring a unique set of tools and methods to the study and solution of some of society s most pressing problems. 

An EPA contractor has prepared a draft remedial action master plan (RAMP) for the Mead site. The contractor recommends further exploration to determine if any undiscovered potliner piles exist and also further geological studies. This recommendation is contingent on cost versus benefit of the action. 

Pre-studies and a small field experiment were made in 1998. In the theoretical study a cooling need of 1,000 MWh was assumed, and natural melting of a 15,000 and a 30,000 m3 snow pile without cover and with 0.1 and 0.2 m of saw dust as insulation was simulated (Nordell and Sundin, 1998). 

Radioisotopes that decay by spontaneous fission with the direct accompanying release of neutrons are usually associated with the natural elements of uranium and thorium and the manmade element plutonium. However, the rate of decay of these elements by fission is so slow that it is only by incorporating them into large nuclear piles or chain reactors that they can be utilized as intense neutron sources. In the US Dept of Energy National Transplutonium Program, small quantities of elements heavier than plutonium are produced for basic research studies and to discover new elements with useful properties. One of these new elements, californium-252 (2S2Cf), is unique in that it emits neutrons in copious quantities over a period of years by spontaneous fission... 

The origin of the study of animal reasoning is found in Wolfgang Kohler s The mentality of apes (Kohler 1925). Chimpanzees were observed to solve novel problems after exposure to the individual elements necessary for a solution. For example, exposure to boxes, and learning that one could pile them and stand on them, was later used to reach a suspended banana though the chimpanzee had never been taught to pile boxes as a way to reach food. An early recognition of individual... 

To help explain the results of this study and to aid in predicting the future stability of phosphogypsum stockpiles, the hydrology associated with the piles and the solubility and absorption of trace elements and radium were considered. How well the objectives of this investigation were met is also briefly considered. 

It stands to reason, that all the records, data, specimens, samples and documents which are produced and compiled in the context of GLP studies, and of GLP test facilities, including documents and records of the Quality Assurance have to be stored somewhere for possible future examination. In order to allow for a later reconstruction of studies from this documentation, this storage cannot consist of simply creating a pile of all study-related and test facility-related material in a dusty attic or a dank cellar. The first consideration in archiving is that all this material should be stored under the proper conditions suitable to protect the contents of the archive from untimely deterioration . This technical aspect of the archive facilities proper has already been dealt with in section 5.4 (see page 180) and need not be taken up again... 

Soil used in the alachlor persistence studies and in the enrichments for alachlor-degrading organisms was derived from two sources a waste site at an agrochemical facility in Piatt Co., IL and a soybean plot near the waste site that was divided into replicated blocks for a land application study (24.) The soil type was a mixture of Ipava silt loam (fine, montmorillonitic, mesic, Aquic Argiudolls) and Sable silty clay loam (fine silty mixed, mesic, Typic Haplaquolls) with pH 5.4-5.5. The soil at the waste site had been excavated and stored in piles which were sampled as needed for laboratory studies (waste-pile soil). Untreated check plots in the soybean field served as sources of uncontaminated soil (CHECK soil). Soils were stored at 2-4°C and passed through a 3-mm screen before use. 

For the next six months, Compton estimated, the pile studies at Columbia, Princeton and Chicago would cost 590,000 for materials and 618,000 for salaries and support. This figure seemed big to me, he re-... 

Stewart et al. (1994) has also arrived at the same conclusion by studying results of centrifuge tests. Their results were summarized in Figure 8.10(b), reproduced from Stewart et al. (1994). It can be seen that increase in induced pile moment and deflection increases significantly when the embankment load exceeds 3 Q (corresponding to FOS = 1.7). 

Next design step is to study and evaluate the structure that is to be supported. Loading from the structure to the pile is quantified and will be used for subsequent analysis. Stiffness of the structure... 

Often the soft films deposited on hard substrates have the possibility to pile-up upon indentation due to the change of the films plastic deformation behaviour attributed to the constraint stress enforced by the relatively harder substrate, whereas in the opposite case the films tend to sink-in. As a result, the former case could erroneously increase the mechanical properties calculated using Oliver-Pharr method because according to the method E oc where A is extracted from nanoindentation load-depth data and not from direct measurement, while the piled-up material would accommodate an extra amount of load but causes underestimation of the real contact depth and hence the contact area. On the other hand, the sink-in effect accounts for the overestimation of the real contact area and hence decrease of the calculated mechanical properties. Both of these cases would cause problems in the calculation using Oliver-Pharr method, which was first established for monolithic materials use only, as the calculated mechanical properties deviate from the true values. Therefore, in the absence of the pile-up and sink-in effects, the calculation in this study using Oliver-Pharr method could generate more accurate estimation towards the real mechanical properties of the film. 

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