Phytoplankton primary productivity

Larsson, U., and A. Hagstrom. 1982. Fractionated phytoplankton primary production, exudate release and bacterial production in a Baltic eutrophication gradient. Marine Biology 67 57-70. 

Jones, R. I. 1998. Phytoplankton, primary production and nutrient cycling. In Aquatic Humic Substances (D. O. Hessen and L. J. Tranvik, Eds.), pp. 146—175. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 

Boyer, J. N., R. R. Christian, and D. W. Stanley. 1993. Patterns of phytoplankton primary productivity in the Neuse River estuary, North Carolina, USA. Marine Ecology Progress Series 97 287-297. 

Cadee, G. C. 1986. Increased phytoplankton primary production in the Marsdiep Area (Western Dutch Wadden Sea). Journal of Sea Research 20 285-290. 

Jones, R. I. 1998. Phytoplankton, primary production and nutrient cycling. In Aquatic Humic Substances (D. O Hessen and L. J. Tranvik, Eds.), pp. 145-176. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Kirchman, D. L. 2000. Uptake and regeneration of inorganic nutrients by marine heterotrophic bacterial. In Microbial Ecology of the Oceans (D. L. Kirchman, Ed.), pp. 261-288. Wiley, New York. 

In general 10-25% of phytoplankton primary production is released as DOC (Sharp 1977 Larsson and Hagstrom 1979 Lignell 1990 Teira et al. 2003 Maranon et al. 2004). The three main mechanisms of DOM production are (1) release... 

Table 8.4 Percent contribution of zooplankton ammonia excretion (or ammonia + urea O to nitrogen requirements of phytoplankton primary production in a variety of environments (after Bidigare, 1983 LeBorgne, 1986 Hernandez-Leon et ai, 2008)... 

Annual rates of phytoplankton primary production from 120 different estuarine and coastal marine systems were organized in a frequency plot (Fig. 18.20). The most... 

Figure 18.20 Frequency distribution of annual phytoplankton primary production rates for a selection of estuarine and coastal marine systems. Dataware from Borum and Sand-Jensen (1996), Boynton et al. (1982), Chen et al. (2000), Cloern (2001), Conley et al. (2000), dejonge et al. (1994), Harding et al. (2002), Kelly (2001), Nixon (1997), and Pennock and Sharp (1986). Inset diagram shows frequency distribution for total primary production (pelagic plus benthic) for a limited number of estuaries. Inset data were from Borum and Sand-Jensen (1996).

Table 18.5 A summary, by date of publication, of statistical models relating phytoplankton primary productivity or biomass to nitrogen (concentration or loading rates) or other variables...

Pennock, J. R., and Sharp, J. H. (1994). Temporal alteration between light- and nutrient-limitation of phytoplankton primary production in a coastal plain estuary. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. Ill, 275-288. 

Mugidde R. (1993) Changes in phytoplankton primary productivity and biomass in Lake Victoria (Uganda). Int. Ver. Theor. Angew. Limnol. Verh. 25, 846-849. 

The rate of growth of phytoplankton (primary productivity) in the oceans is mainly limited by the availability of light and the rate of supply of limiting nutrients (usually accepted to be nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), silicon (Si) and iron (Fe)).The need for light confines productivity to the upper layers of oceans. Also, in polar waters there will be no phytoplankton growth during the dark winter months. 

TABLE 15.1 Phytoplankton Primary Production in the Different Sea Areas in the 1970s... 

Gargas, E., (Ed.), 1975. A manual for phytoplankton primary production studies in the Baltic. The Baltic Marine Biologists Publ No. 2. Water Quality Institute, Horsholm, 88 pp. 

Lassig, J., Leppanen, J., Tamelander, G., 1984. Phytoplankton primary production and related factors in the Tvarminne sea area in 1972-1979 as compared with other parts of the Gulf of Finland. 12. Conference of Baltic Oceanographers, Gidrometeoizdat Leningrad, Part 4, pp. 62-77. 

Witek, Z., Ochocki, S., Maciejowska, M., Pastuszak, M., Nakonieczny, J., Podgorska, B., Kownacka, J. M., Mackiewicz, T., Wrzesihska-Kwiecieh, M., 1997. Phytoplankton primary production and its utilization by the pelagic community in the coastal zone of the Gulf of Gdansk (Southern Baltic). Marine Ecology Progress Series, 148, 169-186. 

Primary production.pdf is a table of phytoplankton primary production data from the different sea areas, compiled from the literature in order to estimate a total primary production value for the Baltic Sea. The mean value of 150gC/(m year) is compared with earlier estimates inTable 15.1, which demonstrates the eutrophication during the past 2 decades. Special attention was paid to the eutrophicated coastal waters, as exemplified already in the files Estuarine gradients Tables.pdf and Estuarine gradients Figures. pdf. This is a modified table from Wasmund et al. (2001). 

Today it is generally believed that natural UVR is a strong environmental factor affecting both productivity and community structure in marine and fresh water ecosystems. In open marine waters, both UV-B (280 to 315 nm) and UV-A (315 to 400 nm) reduce phytoplankton primary production (see also Chapter 11) and bacterial production [1,2]. UVR has been demonstrated to influence the structure of marine and fresh water phytoplankton communities [3,4]. 

E.W. Helbling, V.E. Villafane (2001). UVR effects on phytoplankton primary production A comparison between Arctic and Antarctic marine ecosystems. In D.O Hessen (Ed.), UV-Radiation and Arctic Ecosystems (pp. 203-226). Springer-Verlag. M. Blumthaler, W. Rehwald (1992). Solar UV-A and UV-B fluxes at two alpine stations at different altitudes. Theor. Appl. Climatol, 46,39-44. 

Ferguson and Rublee (1976) estimated the amount of bacterial carbon in coastal waters as ranging between 4% and 25% of total plankton carbon biomass. Meyer-Reil (1977), using highly sensitive methods to determine the growth of bacteria under semi-natural conditions, arrived at an average bacterial biomass production in Kiel Fjord and Bight (Baltic) of 15 29% of the phytoplankton primary production. Such values may indeed approach reality. 

There has been an interest in looking at not only the effect of low and Hmit-ing nutrient concentrations, but also nutrient ratios. Since N and P are the major nutrients which may potentially limit phytoplankton primary production, the N/P ratio has been changed in culture work. One should also remember that this ratio really varies in many coastal- and near- shore waters. Myklestad and Haug [36] cultured the marine diatom C. affinis in media with different N/P ratios. Figure 3 shows the effect on the production of extracellular polysaccharide in 12-day cultures. Since a clear indication of higher production was seen in... 

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