Excretion ammonia

Maetz, J. (1972). Branchial sodium exchange and ammonia excretion in the goldfish, Carassius auratus. Effects of ammonia loading and temperature changes, J. Exp. Biol., 56, 601-620. 

Wright, P. A., Randall, D. J. and Perry, S. F. (1989). Fish gill water boundary layer a site of linkage between carbon dioxide and ammonia excretion, J. Comp. Physiol. B., 158, 627-635. 

Functions in the acid-base balance b. Ammonia excretion ... 

Ammonia can diffuse freely into the urine through the tubule membrane, while the ammonium ions that are formed in the urine are charged and can no longer return to the cell. Acidic urine therefore promotes ammonia excretion, which is normally 30-50 mmol per day. In metabolic acidosis (e.g., during fasting or in diabetes mellitus), after a certain time increased induction of glutaminase occurs in the kidneys, resulting in increased NH3 excretion. This in turn promotes H"" release and thus counteracts the acidosis. By contrast, when the plasma pH value shifts towards alkaline values alkalosis), renal excretion of ammonia is reduced. 

The ratio of oxygen uptake to ammonia excretion in Black Sea mussels has been found to exhibit a distinct daily rhythm (Slatina, 1986). As a rule, the ammonia coefficient (O/N) tends to increase greatly at night. As this rise in energy metabolism does not result from an enhanced locomotor activity, it is difficult to explain or to find any analogue in fish. Farbridge and Leatherland (1987) demonstrated a strong effect of the lunar cycles on amino acid uptake by the scales, also on nucleic acids, metabolic reserves and plasma thyroid hormones in coho salmon. 

Kutty, M.N. (1972). Respiratory quotient and ammonia excretion in Tilapia mossambica. Marine Biology 16,126-133. 

Sukumaran, N. and Kutty, M.N. (1977). Oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion in the catfish with special reference to swimming speed and ambient oxygen. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Science 86B, 195-206. 

Table 8.3 Example ammonia excretion rates for a variety of zooplankton taxa summarized from Chapter 26 by Steinberg and Saba (this volume see their Table 26.4 for details and...

Table 8.4 Percent contribution of zooplankton ammonia excretion (or ammonia + urea O to nitrogen requirements of phytoplankton primary production in a variety of environments (after Bidigare, 1983 LeBorgne, 1986 Hernandez-Leon et ai, 2008)... 

Figure 26.4 Scatter diagram showing the relationship between dry weight and ammonia excretion rate for epipelagic marine copepods. The data points represent mean rates for all copepod species from each type of environment, Antarctic, Arctic, boreal, subtropical, and tropical (temperature range —1.7 to 29° C). (Adapted from Ikeda cf al., 2001).

Aarset, A. V., and Aunass, T. (1990). Influence of environmental salinity on oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion of the arctic under-ice amphipod Onisimus gladalis. Mar. Biol. 107, 9—15. 

Andersen, V., and Nival, P. (1986). Ammonia excretion rate of Salpa fusiformis Cuvier (Tunicata Thaliacea) Effects of individual weight and temperature. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 99, 121—132. 

Ikeda, T., and Mitchell, A. W. (1982). Oxygen uptake, ammonia excretion and phosphate excretion by kriU and other Antarctic zooplankton in relation to their body size and chemical composition. 

Matsakis, S. (1992). Ammonia excretion rate of Clytia spp. Hydromedusae (Cnidaria, Thecata) Effects of individual dry weight, temperature and food availability. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 87, 55—63. 

Schneider, G. (1990). A comparison of carbon based ammonia excretion rates between gelatinous and non-gelatinous zooplankton Implications and consequences. Mar. Biol. 106, 219—225. 

Verity, P. G. (1985b). Ammonia excretion rates of oceanic copepods and implications for estimates of primary production in the Sargasso Sea. Biol. Oceanogr. 3, 249—283. 

Berges, J. A., Roff, J. C., and BaHantyne, J. S. (1993). Enzymatic indexes of respiration and ammonia excretion Relationships to body size and food levels. J. Plankton Res. 15, 239-254. 

Mayzaud, P. (1987). Enzymatic measurements of metabolic processes concerned with respiration and ammonia excretion. In Biological Chemistry of Marine Copepods (Comer, E. D. S., and O Hara, S. C. M., eds.). Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 226-259. 

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