Physiologic chemistry, clinical

The basis of this book is to expose the reader to the important areas of synthetic biorelated polymers systems and the potential impact they will have in the 21st Century. Consequently, we deliberated over the appropriate areas to be covered in this book, what value these would provide, and who could benefit. The chapters are written to emphasize the chemical and physical properties of several unique polymer systems and the many stages involved in their physiological adaptations to achieve an intended utilization. The importance of multidisciplinary knowledge and skills are unprecedented since the field encompasses chemistry, materials science, engineering, biochemistry, biophysics, pharmacology, physiology, and clinical studies. 

Cunningham D, Young D. Measurements of glucose on the skin surface, in stratum comeum and in transcutaneous extracts implications for physiological sampling. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine 2003, 41, 1224-1228. 

Potts JT, Jr., Bringhurst FR, Gardella TJ, et al. Parathyroid hormone Physiology, chemistry, biosynthesis, secretion, metabolism, and mode of action. In Degroot LJ (Ed.), Endocrinology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA (1996) 920-965. Nussbaum SR, Zahradnik RJ, Lavigne JR, et al. Highly sensitive two-site immuno-radiometric assay of parathyrin and its clinical utility in evaluation patients with hypercalcemia. Clin. Chem. (1987) 33 1364-1367. 

Professional chemists look askance at physiological chemistry, and physiological chemists criticize pretty sharply the work of some clinical chemists, but there can be no doubt of the value to the physicians of a very thorough training in methods and ways of organic chemistry. 

Austin s Clinical Chemistry. A manual of applied physiological chemistry. 1.75. Benton s Guide to General Chemistry. A manual for the laboratory. 35 cents. Boyer s Laboratory Manual in Biology. Treats of both animals and plants. So cts. Boynton, Morse and Watson s Laboratory Manual in Chemistry. 50 cents. Burrage and Bailey s School Sanitation and Decoration. Illustrated. i.5o. Cheston, Gibson and Timmerman s Physics. Theoretical and descriptive. 1.25. Chute s Physical Laboratory Manual. Revised edition. Illustrated. 80 cents. Chute s Practical Physics. For schools and colleges. 1.12. 

Determinations of antioxidant activity are widely used in phytochemistry, nutrition, food chemistry, clinical chemistry, as well as in human, animal, and plant physiology, etc. Methods adapted to HPLC have appeared only recently but can be expected to have multiple apphcations in the future. ARTS" is an excellent metastable chromogen for the detection and quantification of the HAA and LAA of biological samples. Thus, using a simple photometer (end-point method), a microplate reader (multisample titration method), or HPLC equipment, a broad range of possibilities are available for the characterization of diverse samples (animal- or plant-derived). Some apphcations of special interest could include ... 

This volume presents a cross section of clinical chemistry, and deals with mineral, gaseous, and protein constituents of blood and tissues. As in previous volumes, some articles emphasize analytical procedures whereas others deal with their topic from a general physiological and clinical viewpoint without neglecting the pertinent clinical chemistry laboratory methods. 

J. P. Peters and D. D. Van Slyke, Quantitative Clinical Chemistry, Interpretations, Vol. I, 2nd ed. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1946. Includes 370 pages on energy metabolism, biochemistry, physiology, and clinical aspects of carbohydrates. 

The final resolution to the question of the exact nature of acid produced by the stomach was provided in 1823 by William Prout, a brilliant physidan with diverse interests outside of medidne. Prout was productive in the fields of chemistry, meteorology, physiology, and clinical medicine. In addition, he was one of the first scientists to apply chemical analysis to biologic materials. He was, thus, able to demonstrate circadian rhythms in his own expired carbon dioxide as well as to propose that the destruction of tissues produced excretory materials, such as uric acid, urea, and carbonic acid. In 1827, he developed a classification of foods into subgroups saccharinous (carbohydrates), oleaginous (fats), and albuminous (proteins). 

Numerous endogenous substances and commercially available pharmaceuticals are racemic mixtures. Therefore, it is an important problem of clinical chemistry to develop methods for resolution of enantiomers and for establishing enantiomeric purity, because these substances exhibit different biological and physiological... 

The first four materials (IRMM/IFCC-452, 453, 454, 455) are expected to be released during 2000. Projects on the certification of reference materials for cardiac marker (myoglobin) and total protein concentration in serum are under discussion. Even so the number of available CRMs for clinical chemistry and occupational toxicology is still limited. This has to do with the complexity of physiological compounds (e.g. proteins), the instabihty (e.g. enzymes), or the volatility (e.g. solvents). 

In clinical chemistry, a great number of components are to be determined. These components may be classified according to their physiological fimction. In occupational toxicology, a division into functional chemical components may be a better classification. 

Clinical chemistry, particularly the determination of the biologically relevant electrolytes in physiological fluids, remains the key area of ISEs application [15], as billions of routine measurements with ISEs are performed each year all over the world [16], The concentration ranges for the most important physiological ions detectable in blood fluids with polymeric ISEs are shown in Table 4.1. Sensors for pH and for ionized calcium, potassium and sodium are approved by the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC) and implemented into commercially available clinical analyzers [17], Moreover, magnesium, lithium, and chloride ions are also widely detected by corresponding ISEs in blood liquids, urine, hemodialysis solutions, and elsewhere. Sensors for the determination of physiologically relevant polyions (heparin and protamine), dissolved carbon dioxide, phosphates, and other blood analytes, intensively studied over the years, are on their way to replace less reliable and/or awkward analytical procedures for blood analysis (see below). 

N-diazeniumdiolates spontaneously dissociate at physiological pH to release nitric oxide (NO) by stable first order kinetics with half-lives ranging from 2 s to 20 h [209, 210]. They are blessed with many attributes that make them an especially attractive starting point for designing solutions to important clinical problems, namely they are stable as solids, have structural diversity, a controlled rate of release of NO on hydrolysis, and a rich derivatization chemistry that facilitates targeting of NO to specific sites of need, a critical goal for therapeutic uses of a molecule with natural bioeffector roles in virtually every organ [208]. 

In our opinion, investigations in the field of physiological and pathological peptiduria appear to have a very brilliant future. Further methodological advances, primarily in the development of uniform and standardized procedures making the results of different laboratories comparable, are, however, necessary before this trend of research gains an established position in clinical chemistry. 

Chapter 7 outlines the basic mechanism and treatment of emesis, and in particular, that induced by chemotherapy of cancer. Finally, the chemistry, pharmacology and clinical applications of antagonists of the platelet-activating factor (PAF), an important mediator of many physiological and pathological conditions, are reviewed in Chapter 8. 

Laboratory assessment of the composition of the blood plasma is often carried out in clinical chemistry. Among the electrolytes, there is a relatively high concentration of Na"", Ca and Cl ions in the blood in comparison with the cytoplasm. By contrast, the concentrations of IC, Mg "", and phosphate ions are higher in the cells. Proteins also have a higher intracellular concentration. The electrolyte composition of blood plasma is similar to that of seawater, due to the evolution of early forms of life in the sea. The solution known as physiological saline" (NaCl at a concentration of 0.15 mol L ) is almost isotonic with blood plasma. 

U. S. von Euler, Noradrenaline-Chemistry, Physiology, Pharmacology and Clinical Aspects, p. 85. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, 111., 1956. 

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