Units/equivalents

Turning to the substrate balance, yeast cells contain about 50% carbon. The cell mass is measured as total dry weight, not just carbon. This gives Yx/s = 2 when S is measured as the carbon equivalent of glucose. A reasonable value for Yxis is 1 so that half the carbon goes into biomass and half meets the associated energy requirements. The maintenance coefficient in carbon-equivalent units is 0.008 h . Using these parameter estimates, the three simultaneous ODEs for 5" > 0, become... 

The terms specifie conductivity and equivalent conductivity were previously used. However, these terms are not recommended for use as the SI units. They should be replaced by molar conductivity according to the SI recommendation, which states as follows, When the mole is used, the elementary entities must be specified and may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles, or specified groups of such particles. Thus, when we previously used equivalent conductivity, we should now use molar conductivity, where we define the molar unit so that it is equal to the equivalent unit previously used. For example, we define (l/2)Ca, (l/3)La, (l/2)CO and Alj/jF as molar units. 

I are the thermally smeared Fourier transforms of the basis function pairs summed over all the equivalent unit cell sites,... 

Summary. In summary, when modeling with the fugacity concept, all equilibria can be treated by Z values (one for each compartment) and all reaction, advection and transport processes can be treated by D values. The only other quantities requiring definition are compartment volumes and emission rates or initial concentrations. A major advantage is that since all D quantities are in equivalent units they can be compared directly and the dominant processes identified. By converting diverse processes such as volatilization, sediment deposition, fish uptake and stream flow into identical units, their relative importance can be established directly and easily. Further, algebraic manipulation... 

Intake can be expressed either as a pollutant mass per unit time, as discussed above, or as a mass per kg of body weight per unit time. The latter expression facilitates comparison to health effects data, especially laboratory animal data, which are commonly reported in equivalent units. Similarly, depending on the route of exposure, intake may be estimated on an annual basis to address chronic effects, or on a smaller time scale for addressing acute effects including lethality, teratogenesis, reproductive and neurotoxic effects. 

In dendrimers based on metals as branching centers (Fig. 1 d), the electrochemical behavior is even more complex since (i) each unit of the dendrimer is electro active, (ii) the chemical nature of the metal-based units constituting the dendrimer may be different, (iii) chemically equivalent units can be different from the topological viewpoint, and (iv) the degree of interaction among the moieties depends on their chemical nature and distance. 

In larger structures, the number of equivalent units becomes huge. In the docosanuclear dendrimer made of an Os(II)-based core and 21 Ru(II)-based units, a one-electron oxidation process, assigned to the Os(II)-based unit, is followed by a 12-electron process, due to the simultaneous oxidation of the 12 equivalent and non-interacting peripheral Ru(II)-based units [36]. 

Where typical units are given, other (dimensionally equivalent) units may be used instead (e.g., diffiisivity, D,... 

This is known as Fick s second law of diffusion or more commonly as the diffusion equation. In these equations, J is called the flux of the diffusing species, with units of [amount of substance (atoms or equivalent units) m2 s-1], c is the concentration of the diffusing species, with units of [amount of substance (atoms or equivalent units) m-3] at position x (m) after time t (s) D is the diffusion coefficient, units (m2 s 1). 

In a catenane, structural changes caused by dr-cumrotation of one ring with respect to the other can be clearly evidenced when one of the two rings contains two non-equivalent units. In the catenane shown in Figure 8,1261 the ring containing the electron-acceptor units is symmetric , whereas the other ring is non-symmetric since it contains two different electron-donor units, namely, a tetrathia-... 

Examples of alternative descriptions of the unit cell In a number of cases, in order for instance, to compare a given atomic distribution and arrangement with several others, it may be useful to use different descriptions of the same structure (to refer to different, but obviously equivalent, unit cells). The transformations (of the unit cell constants and, consequently, of the coordinates of the atomic positions) are described, for the general case, for instance, in the International Tables (Hahn 2002). A few, frequently used, transformation formulae of the unit cell constants are reported here. 

Branched chains may have an important role in interfacial phenomena. Ger-sappe et al. [192] studied the behavior of combs constituted by backbones of A monomers and branches, or teeth , of B units at the interface between immiscible A and B monomers. These teeth are more preferentially located at the interface than the equivalent units in linear chains. 

If instead of mg of the chemical, it is found to be present at a concentration of micrograms/liter, then the equivalent units are parts-per-billion (ppb), because a microgram is one-billionth of a kilogram. Because these units will come up throughout the book, a reference table on them will come in handy ... 

Quantities in this section are given using cooking measures. Although metric units are preferred in science, most measuring units found in the home consist of traditional cooking units such as cup and teaspoon. For this reason, these units are used. Approximate equivalent units are given in Table 20.1. 

Assume a mole equivalent unit of 200 for organosolv lignin, based on a typical analyzed Cg lignin unit. 

Figure 7-19 Schematic icosahedrally symmetric structure with 180 subunits. The quasi-equivalent units A, B, and C are necessarily somewhat differently positioned with respect to their neighbors and must therefore assume different conformations in order to fit together tightly. From Harrison.68...

Understanding a water analysis report requires that the information be presented in an acceptable format. For most organizations around the world, it is common practice to use a combination of parts per million (ppm) or its approximate equivalent unit, milligram per liter (mg/1), and to report as whole chemical product, or cation or anion, as appropriate. Also, reporting as milliequivalents per liter (mEq/1) is common, but grains, various degrees, and other units are also used. 

BCF = Corg/CWater at equilibrium (expressed in equivalent units)... 

A is correct You may read this question and be uncertain of what it means by "monomer". Such an experience is not uncommon on the MCAT. The minimum that you need to understand for this question is that a monomer is some type of "equivalent unit". Since it is an MCAT question, you should assume that monomer refers to something that you already know. You make this assumption because MCAT doesn t test science that is not covered in these books. Next you need to recognize the chemical shown as a polypeptide. You need to know that polypeptides are divided into amino acid residues, and you must be able to recognize where these residues begin and end. 

It should be borne in mind that the SDR is most effectively exploited when it is run on a continuous basis. The industrial units constructed to date have had disc diameters up to 30 cm and have been capable of processing around 30 g/s of feedstock. This corresponds to a continuous annual output of (e.g., polymer) 1000 tons/year. For a typical pharmaceutical product, a 15-cm disc could process about 7 g/s, equivalent to an annual output of 200 tons. With conventional stirred-vessel technology, a roughly equivalent unit to the 30-cm SDR is a 2000-L batch reactor... 

Besides mass concentration, atmospheric particles are often characterized by their size distribution. Aerosols are typically sized in terms of the aerodynamic equivalent diameter (dae) of the particle, usually expressed in micrometer (pm) or nanometer (nm) (Mark, 1998). Atmospheric particles are usually nonspherical and with unknown density. Therefore, the r/ae of a particle is usually defined as the diameter of an equivalent unit density sphere (p = 1 gctrf3) having the same terminal velocity as the particle in question (Mark, 1998 Seinfeld and Pandis, 1998). 

---