Physical-chemical blending

The Sulfinol process from Shell Development Company is a good example of the physical/chemical type of process. It blends a physical solvent and an amine to obtain the advantages of both. The physical solvent is Sulfolane (tetrahydrothiophene dioxide) and the amine is usually DIPA (diisopropanol amine). The flow scheme is the same as for an amine plant. ... 

Peri, C., Barbieri, R., and Casiraghi, E. M. (1983). Physical, chemical and nutritional quality of extruded com germ flour and milk protein blends. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 18,43-52. 

The ingredients of each blend were thoroughly mixed in a large ribbon blender. The entire food preparation and packaging operation was carried out in a sanitary manner. A quantity of each blend was appropriately subpackaged for the various physical, chemical and microbiological tests. 

Mixing process Technical rubbers are blends of up to about 30 different compounds like natural rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, silicate and carbon-black fillers, and mobile components like oils and waxes. These components show a large variety of physical, chemical, and NMR properties. Improper mixing leads to inhomogeneties in the final product with corresponding variations in mechanical and thermal properties (cf. Figure 7.4). 

US 5,028,681 (American) 1991 Novel poly(imide siloxane) block copolymers and process for their preparation General Electric EN Peters Injection moldable block copolymers with high IV and excellent chemical/physical properties. Blends useful for impact modification Novel siloxane-imide block copolymers and a process for their preparation are covered. The method involves reacting a hydroxy-terminated polyimide oligomer with a siloxane oligomer with dimethylamino, acetyl or chlorine end-groups... 

Despite the differences in the chemical composition, biodiesel has physical-chemical properties that are similar to diesel, showing a decrease in the emission of C02, SOx and unburned hydrocarbons during the combustion process when compared to fossil fuels (Crabbe et al, 2001). For these reasons it is possible to use biodiesel blended with diesel without significant changes to engines, with important decrease in the emission of pollutant gases. 

It is useful to formulate solvents using solubility diagrams based on the volume composition of the blends in place of calculating the physical chemical constants for the composites. Ternary diagrams can be readily plotted on three-component solvent blends. Blends containing more than three materials can be plotted on these same diagrams providing the ratio of several of the materials is held constant and the result is only three variables. 

Various physical, chemical, and biological methods have been proposed for reducing cholesterol in foods. These include blending with vegetable oils, extraction with... 

The film formation in fhe spin-coating process for the polymer/fuller-ene blend system in the mixture solvent is a complex process because it is a nonequilibrium state that both thermodynamic and kinetic parameters can influence phase separation, and the system contains four components with dissimilar physical/chemical properties. We found the donor/acceptor components in the active layer can phase separate into an optimum morphology during the spin-coating process with the additive. Supported by AFM, TEM, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results, a model as well as a selection rule for the additive solvent, and identified relevant parameters for the additive are proposed. The model is further validated by discovering other two additives to show the ability to improve polymer solar cell performance as well. 

This technology refers to the physical mixing (blending) of dry fertilizer materials without the deliberate introduction of chemical reactions or the enlargement of the material particle granule) size. The blending of solid and liquid fertilizer materials is also practiced in some instances to produce fluid multinutrient products. However, the production and marketing of fluid fertilizers are beyond the scope of this examination (refer to Chapter 10). 

The melting transitions for blends of PP are shown in Figure 3.12. The area under the DSC tracing of differential heat flow (dHIdT) is the enthalpy change associated with the transitions. This is the sum of heat capacity and the heat flow needed to accommodate the physical/chemical changes undergone by the plastic material ... 

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