Physical and thermochemical properties

ETHYL NITRATE, CjHjONOj PHYSICAL AND THERMOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES 

Ethyl nitrate is a liquid boiling at 87°C, with a specific gravity of 1.12. It is scarcely miscible with water, but readily dissolved by organic solvents. Collodion cotton is dissolved in it with ease. 

The substance aroused interest as long ago as in Berthelot s [7] day. He determined the O-nitration heat of ethanol as 6.2 kcal/mole. Thomson [12] has estimated the heat of combustion —AHc to be 324.04 kcal/mole. 

Naotim [1] investigated its explosive properties (see further) and reported the heat of explosion to be 816 kcal/kg (water as liquid). Despite the fact that its appreciable explosive properties had long been recognized, no further attention was paid to ethyl nitrate for some time, because there seemed no possibility to finding a practical use for it. Very recently, however, it has been used as an ingredient of liquid rocket fuels. This has stimulated investigations designed to determine its properties more accurately. 

Thus the heat of explosion (under oxygen-free conditions) has been determined by Wheeler, Whittacker and Pike [13] to be — Q = 77.6 kcal/mole, i.e. 853 kcal/kg, which is close to the value reported by Naotim [1]. 

---

Table 1. Physical and Thermochemical Properties of Oxalic Acid and its Dihydrate...

Table 11.3 Some physical and thermochemical properties of hydrazine...

Direct halogenation of metallic bismuth yields bismuth pentafluoride in the case of fluorine, the corresponding bismuth trihalides for the other halogens. Reaction of bismuth trioxide with aqueous HF, HC1, or HBr yields the corresponding bismuth trihalide. Physical and thermochemical properties of the more important bismuth halides appear in Table 2. 

TABLE 1. PHYSICAL AND THERMOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF OXALIC ACID AND ITS DIHYDRATE... 

N. F. Gao, Y. Miyamoto, and D. Zhang, On physical and thermochemical properties of high-purity... 

Gao, N. F., Miyamoto, Y., Zhang, D. (2002). On Physical and Thermochemical Properties of High-Purity TijSiCj. Materials Letters, 55, 61. doi 10.1016/S0167-577X(01)00620-6. 

Zhu et al. have modified the synthesis procedure for nickel nitrate hydrazine so as to make it viable for industrial manufacture [28]. Detailed investigations on physical and thermochemical properties, stability test, explosive performance test, and safety tests have been made to evaluate the performance of nickel hydrazine nitrate (NiHN) and cobalt hydrazine nitrate (CoHN) as primary explosives [29]. 

The physical and thermodynamic properties of carbon monoxide are well documented in a number of excellent summaries (1 8). The thermochemical data cited here are drawn predominantly from references 1—3 physical property data from reference 5. A summary of particularly useful physical constants is presented in Table 1. 

When implementing a biomass-based thermochemical conversion system, it is important to critically evaluate the feedstock characteristics such as cost, distribution, mass, and physical and chemical properties. The feedstock qualities must be considered when matching feedstocks with a proper conversion technology. 

Baxter, L.L., T Gale, S. Sinquefield, and G. Sclippa, 1997a. Influence of Ash Deposit Chemistry and Structure on Deposit Physical and Transport Properties. Developments in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, A.V. Bridgwater and D.G.B. Boocock, eds., Blackie. Academic and Professional Press, London, pp. 1247-1262. 

All these fuels belong to a group of high-energy-density fuels with compact molecular structure rendered by the presence of pentacyclic cages. They are stable and nonvolatile at room temperature and pressure. Three formulations are solid and the fourth is a viscous liquid. Their S3mthesis and molecular structure analysis that uses X-ray crystallographic methods have been described by Marchand [5, 6]. Their molecular structure and physical properties are presented briefly below. Measured thermophysical and thermochemical properties follow. 

L6w, P. and Sailer, H. (1988). PETRA Software Package for the Calculation of Electronic and Thermochemical Properties of Organic Molecules. In Physical Property Prediction in Organic Chemistry (Jochum, C., Hicks, M.G. and Sunkel, J., eds.). Springer-Verlag, Berlin (Germany), pp. 539-543. 

Rossini, F. D. Selected values of physical and thermodynamic properties of hydrocarbons and related compounds. Pitsburgh Carnegie Press 1953 JANAF thermochemical tables, Stull, D. R. (project director). Midland, Michigan Dow Chemical Company 1965... 

The volume contains 16 chapters dealing with calculations on organogold compounds, physical and spectroscopic properties (NMR, ESR, PES, Mossbauer spectra), thermochemical and analytical properties, the synthesis and uses of the title compounds and their reactions such as rearrangements, pyrolysis and photochemical reactions. The medicinal use of organogold compounds and the increased use of gold-thiol monolayers are also summarized. 

---