Physical and engineering aspects

Holdsworth, S.D., Physical and engineering aspects of food freezing, in Thorne, S., (ed.). Developments in food preservation, volume 4, Elsevier, London, 1987, 153-204. 

Rowe, T.W. Freeze drying of biological materials some physical and engineering aspects. In Current Trends in Cryobiology, Smith, A.U., Ed. Plenum Press New York, 1970 60-138. 

Early modeling of fuel cells with a liquid electrolyte was focused mainly on the electrochemical problems of cell function [2], The invention of Nafion generated high expectations and investments, which supported study of numerous physical and engineering aspects of ceU operation. Today s fuel-cell science and technology include overlapping domains of electrochemistry, physics, fluid dynamics, and chemical and mechanical engineering. 

This statement suits to quantitative physical and engineering aspects, but it also implies that prior to nnmbers, the mathematical expressions should be in verbal information forms. Any instmment provides measnrements, but without knowing the possible scale domain of the measnred variable, it is not possible to accept the measurements straight ont as accnrate and nseable identity in engineering problem solutions. 

Weiss, R. A. and C. K. Ober (eds.), Liquid-Crystalline Polymers , ACS, Washington, DC, 1990. This book studies the creation, physics and engineering aspects of LCPs. 

Not only is geology important in exploring for hydrocarbons, but also engineers must study the present composition and structure of the earth to successfully drill the borehole itself. Further, once hydrocarbons have been found and have proven to be economically recoverable, studies of the physical and chemical aspects of earth in such regions are important to the follow-on production and reservoir engineering. These studies help ensure that the accumulated hydrocarbons are recovered in an economic manner [24],... 

Finkelstein, E. J. Heat Recovery Syst. 3 (1983) 431-437. On solar ponds critique, physical fundamentals and engineering aspects. 

Zhang,Y Kallay, N. Matijevic, E. (1985) Interactions of metal hydrous oxides with chelating agents. VII. Hematite - oxalic and citric acid systems. Langmuir 1 201-206 Zhang, Z. Boxall, C. Kelsall, G.H. (1993) Photoelectrophoresis of colloidal iron oxides. I. Hematite (a-Fe203). Colloids Surfaces. A. Physics Chemical and Engineering Aspects. 73 145-163... 

This chapter will exclude all detailed descriptions of physical properties and experimental results presented in several of the Physics journals. The theoretical aspects of superconductivity will also be omitted, as well as the practical application and engineering aspects of these new materials. 

Chemical reaction models play a major role in chemical engineering as tools for process analysis, design, and discovery. This chapter provides an introduction to structures of chemical reaction models and to ways of formulating and investigating them. Each notation in this chapter is defined when introduced. Chapter 3 gives a complementary introduction to chemical reactor models, including their physical and chemical aspects. 

In the past decades, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has been used extensively to study various aspects of polymer chemistry and engineering. Fig. 1 shows the relationship among polymerization conditions, polymer structure, and the material s physical structure and end uses. Solution, solid state, and imaging NMR techniques contribute to imderstanding the physical and chemical aspects of the route from raw materials to final product. Solution NMR provides information about all aspects of the polymerization reactions and the final structure of the synthesized polymer. This information can be correlated with the material s final properties and provide feedback to control the initial polymerization process so that the fraction of structures responsible for desirable properties can be controlled in a systematic way. 

Biomimetics is a distinct and rapidly growing discipline that provides insight into the secrets of how Nature s biological pathways work, how they are manifest in diverse aspects of chemistry, physics and engineering, and in which way they can be emulated to provide materials and objects useful for biomedical applications. According to the Oxford Dictionary, the term biomimetics means relating to or denoting synthetic methods which mimic biochemical processes . 

Hanabusa K, Hirata T, Inoue D, Kimura M, Shirai H. Formation of physical hydrogels with terpyridine-containing carboxylic acids. Colloids and Surfaces A Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 2000 169(1) 307-316. 

Gartner, E.M., "Physical and Chemical Aspects of Portland Cement Clinker Formation," Research on the Manufacture and Use of Cements, Proceedings of the Engineering Foundation Conference, Henniker, New Hampshire, 1985, pp. 1-20. 

Lyklema, J. 2006. Overcharging, charge reversal Chemistry or physics Colloids and Surfaces A Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 291, no. 1-3 3-12. doi 10.1016/j. colsurfa.2006.06.043. 

The Society was founded to initiate contacts between biophysicists and biomedical engineers and to promote mutual scientific discussions. Our aim is to further the development of the physical and technological aspects of medical and biological research. The Society has 4 major fields of interest organ physics, cellular and molecular physics, neurophysics, and technical biophysics. 

An elementary introduction to polymers is given here and those wishing to gain more knowledge about the physics, chemistry and engineering aspects of polymers should consult some of fhe standard references [1-13] on the subject. 

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