Scale-up possibilities

Immersion types of transducers are poorest, when scale-up possibilities are considered, though very high intensities (pressures of the order of few thousands atmosphere) are observed very near to the horn. The intensity decreases exponentially as one moves away from hom and vanishes at a distance of 1-3 cm both in axial as well as radial directions depending on the maximum power input to the equipment and also on the operating frequency [11,32]. 

Dahlem O, Reisse J, Halloin V (1999) The radially vibrating horn A scaling up possibility for sonochemical reactions. Chem Eng Sci 54 2829-2838... 

The previously described processes are batch type processes, which have certain limitations with respect to their scale-up possibilities. A continuous production pro-... 

For the development of a continuous photocatalytic reactor, applicable at the industrial level, it is important to consider some parameters such as the catalyst configuration, the specific illuminated surface area, the UV source, the mass-transfer rate and the scale-up possibilities [69]. 

IX. SCALING-UP POSSIBILITIES HEURISTIC APPROACHES AND PRODUCTIVITY CONSIDERATIONS... 

IX. Scaling-Up Possibilities Heuristic Approaches and Productivity Considerations 172... 

Electrophoresis, at this lime, is an inherently small-scale process. While there is considerable development underway to increase the capacity of electrophoresis equipment, the only way to detemiine the separation characteristics at present is to test the stream to ba treated in the aclua] equipment to be used in the commercial installation. Thus, the only reliable scale-up possible consists of using multiple parallel units of the largest type tested. 

Zhang reported a Au(I)-catalyzed diastereo- and enantioselective domino cycHzation/[3+3] cycloaddition of 2-(l-aIkynyl)-2-alken-l-one 216 with nitrone 217, affording the corresponding chiral heterobicyclic furo[3,4-d][l,2]oxazine 218 [67]. This reaction is attractive by its easy scale-up possibility (gram scale) and the chemoselective functional group transformation in the product (Scheme 11.46). 

With the advent of reliable, commercially available CFD software has come an increasing interest in the simulation of the flows in large scale, geometrically complex, industrial vessels (Bakker and Fasano [1], Colenbrander [2] and Sharratt [3] for some examples). CFD simulations provide access to almost unlimited data on the flow field, infinite variations on the geometry, infinite scale-up possibilities, and visually appealing results which are easily digested by everyone involved with the process. In addition, the numerical experiments performed using CFD seem to require much less investment than wet experimental work, which may be difficult or impossible under hostile plant conditions. Like traditional experimental work, however, CFD has its limitations. 

From a heat transfer analysis, determine the maximum scale-up possible for the allyl chloride reactor for the original case and for the case of one pump with the reactor heat exchangers operating in parallel. 

The performance of a heating loop problem discussed in Section 19.3 was actually a debottlenecking problem In this problem, described in detail in Appendix C, it is necessary to scale up production of our allyl chloride facility (see Appendix C, Figure C.41 due to an unscheduled shutdown at a similar facility owned by our company. The problem is to determine the maximum level of scale-up possible for our allyl chloride facility. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the maximum scale-up possible for the reactor. (Note Some conditions in the problem in the appendix are different from those in Section 19.3.1... 

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