Phthalic acid surfaces

Di- and mono-esters of phthalic acid, an ortho-dicarboxylic acid derivative of benzene. These compounds are widely used as industrial plasticizers to coat polyvinylchloride surfaces of plastics used in food packaging and medical devices (iv drip bags, blood storage bags, etc.) and are common environmental contaminants. Several phthalate mono-esters are peroxisome proliferator chemicals and can activate the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor PPAR. 

Resins used as surface coatings prepared from glycerol and phthalic acid, now termed alkyd resins. 

Techn. Univ. Leuna-Merseburg 29 432—443 Love, P. (1998) Minerals - are they just cosmetic Indust. Min. August 41-43 Lovgren, L. (1991) Complexation reactions of phthalic acid and aluminium(III) with the surface of goethite. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 55 3639-3645... 

Phthalic acid, with trinuclear Os clusters, 6, 743 n-acceptor carbon ligands, in molybdenum carbonyls, 5, 455 Ti-allyl complexes, with molybdenum with cyclopentadienyl-supporting ligands, 5, 544 monomeric complexes, 5, 546 oxide surface binding, 5, 546... 

Elastomer compounds can be plasticized by addition of organic compounds. Elastomer compounds are inherently flexible and selection of a base polymer on the basis of molecular weight characteristics, chemical composition, and degree of crystallinity serves as the basis for the properties of the compound from which an elastomer is made. Oils are the most common plasticizer for elastomers. Oils of paraffinic structure or aromatic structure can be used with elastomers in which they are compatible. Paraffin wax would also be included in this category. Other plasticizers include phthalic acid esters and adipic acid esters. Fatty acids can be used as plasticizers but these contribute to an increase in surface tack of elastomer compounds. Examples include stearic and palmitic acid. Plasticizer addition has the added benefit of aiding with incorporation of inorganic materials. 

In order to obtain the desired material properties, PVC products are treated with additives. With regard to the quantity, the phthalic esters, which are used as plasticisers, represent the most significant portion. In an indoor environment PVC occurs mostly in household products, floor coverings, wall coverings and electronic devices [69]. Since wall and floor coverings sometimes represent a major part of the surface area in a room [85], they might be a source for phthalic acid esters. The soft PVC used preferentially in wallpapers contains plasticiser portions of about 30%. These are mainly di- -butyl phthalate (DBP), di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and diisononyl phthalate (DINP). 

A heterosupramolecule, defined by the authors as an artificial microdevice that carries out advanced functions by cooperating with inorganic solids and organic molecules has been constructed from Ti02 and a cationic surfactant. The surfactant, trimethylstearylammonium chloride, forms a bilayer on the surface of the semiconductor, and the substrate, in this case 2-naphthol, is incorporated into hydrophobic nanospaces in the adsorbed bilayer. A very high level of activity for 2-naphthol oxidation to phthalic acid is obtained. The activity is attributed to the concentration of the substrate near the Ti02 surface and an increase in the effective surface area due to the improved dispersibility of the particles. 

From 100 % to ca. 70 % methanol, retention times of all sample components are small. From ca. 50 % water, the ionic character of the solutes contributes more strongly. We obtain similar results without buffer and with an alkaline buffer. The strong base m-toluidine is dissociated and strongly retained by the stationary phase. Next, the weaker, undissociated base aniline elutes. The weak acid, benzoic acid, is very little dissociated and an interaction with the stationary phase is possible. The. stronger acid, formic acid, is present only in its ionic form, so that an interaction with the reversed phase surface is not possible. The ionic character also shows up in the peak form of benzoic acid in comparison to aniline (see Figs. 28-2 and 28-3). This curious peak form is also typical of other acids such as phthalic acid. 

Lastly, a convenient fcw-crown ether derivative of triaminotriazine, prepared from a phthalic acid derivative of a polyether macrocycle, would make an excellent reagent in the preparation of dendrimers desirous of surface crown ether(s) <97BCSJ671>. 

Alanine could exist in aqueous solution in three different forms, namely, CHS CH(NH3+)COOH (cation), CHS CH(NH3+)COO- (zwitterions), and CHS CH(NH2)COO- (anion). These species are denofed as H2L+, HL, and L-, respectively, for brevify. The equilibrium befween fhese may be depicfed, as Babu ef al. (2005) previously reported, the dissolution and removal rate probability of fhe complexing agent, including phthalic acid, citric acid, glycine, oxalic acid, and carboxyl and/or amine functional group, which interact on the Cu film surface should strongly influence the removal rate. 

Supported aqueous-phase catalysts (SAPC) can be seen as a special case of adsorption, whereby a water-soluble catalyst dissolved in a very polar solvent is adsorbed on a hydrophilic support forming a water film on the inner surface of the support [30,31]. In the case of supported liquid-phase catalysis (SLPC),the water film on the inner surface is replaced by a solvent of low vapor pressure (e.g.,phthalic acid esters) [2]. The reaction itself takes place in the supported hq-uid or at the interface of the supported liquid film, or in the gas phase or organic phase when dealing with SLPC or SAPC, respectively. The use of SLPC catalysts is generally restricted to the synthesis of low-boiling compounds. 

---