Photomicrographs, scanning

Fig. 2. Scanning electron photomicrograph of a polyester nonwoven fabric.

Fig. 8. Scanning electron photomicrograph of mbber particles extracted from HIPS (218).

FIGURE 12.11 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photomicrographs of the tensile fracture surface of the ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) rubber-melamine fiber composites. A, before ageing and B, after ageing at 150°C for 48 h. Test specimen is cut in tbe direction parallel to the milling direction. (From Rajeev, R.S., Bhowmick, A.K., De, S.K., Kao, G.J.P., and Bandyopadhyay, S., Polym. Compos., 23, 574, 2002. With permission.)... 

XPS spectra were obtained using a Perkin-Elmer Physical Electronics (PHI) 555 electron spectrometer equipped with a double pass cylindrical mirror analyzer (CMA) and 04-500 dual anode x-ray source. The x-ray source used a combination magnesium-silicon anode, with collimation by a shotgun-type collimator (1.). AES/SAM spectra and photomicrographs were obtained with a Perkin-Elmer PHI 610 Scanning Auger Microprobe, which uses a single pass CMA with coaxial lanthanum hexaboride (LaBe) electron gun. 

Figure 2.8. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photomicrographs of (a) a micro-diffractive optical element mold fabricated by a focused ion beam (FIB) and (b) the transferred optical element on a sol-gel film. [Reprinted with permission from Ref. 98.]... 

Figure 1.1 Scanning electron photomicrograph of a cross section of a national newspaper comprising 90% spruce and 10% pine thermomechanical pulp (TMP) fibres (45gm 2 and 8fibres thick). Scale bar = 25 fiin.

Figure 5.2 Environmental scanning electron photomicrographs of fibres of a chemically pulped (sulfite process) softwood (a) before refining and (b) after refining.

Figure 8.1 Scanning electron photomicrograph of the surfaces of (a) surface sized, and (b) coated paper. Scale bar = 50 jum.

Figure 3 Scanning electron photomicrographs of feldspar surfaces in various stages of weathering, a) Fresh surface, b) Incipient formation of shallow almond-shaped etch pits, c) Moderate development of prismatic etch pits, d) Extensive penetration of prismatic etch pits into feldspar interiors. Photographs b-d are from naturally weathered materials. All photomicrographs by Alan S. Pooley and the author.

I appreciate the assistance of the editors, an anonymous reviewer, and, especially, D. Brandt Velbel and William M. Murphy, for their comments and criticisms. Dr. Alan S. Pooley of the Yale Peabody Museum assisted in taking the scanning electron photomicrographs of Figure 3. Preparation of this review was supported by NSF grant BSR-8514328. 

Sodium starch glycolates are generally spherical, a characteristic which accounts for their good flowability [4]. Figure 1 shows the scanning electron photomicrographs (SEMs) of some the commercial sodium starch glycolates. 

FIG. 1. Scanning electron photomicrographs of sodium starch glycolates (A) Explotab, (B) Primojel, and (C) Tablo 600 X Magnification. 

FIG. 2. Scanning electron photomicrographs of croscarmelloses (A) AcDiSol, (B) Nymcel ZSX, (C) Primel-lose, and (D) Solutab 100 X Magnification. 

FIG. 3. Scanning electron photomicrographs of crospovidones (A) Crospovidone M, (B) Kollidon CL, (C) Polyplasdone XL-10, and (D) Polyplasdone XL. 150X Magnification. 

Various noncellulosic thln-film-composlte membranes were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Figure 3 illustrates the type of surface structure and cross-sections that exist in these membranes. Figure 3a shows the surface microporosity of polysulfone support films. Micropores in the film were measured by both SEM and TEM typically pore radii averaged 330 A. Figure 3b is a photomicrograph of a cross-section of a NS-lOO membrane. 

Photomicrographs were obtained using an AMR-900 scanning electron microscope. The microscope operates at 20KV and has an... 

Fig. 3. Scanning electron photomicrographs of bonded PGA fiber meshes prepared by a fiber bonding method [30]. Note the formation of inter-fiber bonds at the fiber cross-points. (Reproduced with permission from [30])...

Fig. 4a, b. Scanning electron photomicrographs of amorphous poly(L-lactic acid) foams a 92% porosity and 30 pm median pore diameter b and 91% porosity and 94 pm median pore diameter. Prepared by a solvent-casting and particulate-leaching method [32] using 90 wt% sieved sodium chloride particles of size range between 0-53 pm and 106-150 pm, respectively... 

Fig. 6. Scanning electron photomicrograph of a PLGA 50 50 scaffold in the shape of a half-cylinder prepared by a melt molding method [35] using 35 wt% gelatin microspheres with diameters in the size range 300-500 pm. (Reproduced with permission from [35])...

Fig. 7a, b. Scanning electron photomicrographs of PLLA foams of pore size 250-500 pm a cross-section at low magnification after 30 days of chondrocyte culture b and on the surface at high magnification after 28 days of chondrocyte culture (Reproduced with permission from [39])... 

Probably the two most commonly used techniques for measuring the overall quality of the composite consolidation are optical photomicrographs and through transmission C-scan. Both of these techniques can be readily adapted to measuring the degree of intimate contact at the ply interfaces. 

Photomicrographs of each material were taken with a Jeol JSM-5800 scanning electron microscope (SEM) (Jeol USA Inc., Peabody, Massachusetts, U.S.A.). The photographs were taken at a working distance of 10 mm, with an accelerating voltage of 5 to 10 kV. 

Figure 1. Scanning electron photomicrographs of minerals from coals. The minerals were studied and photographed by a Cambridge Stereoscan microscope with an accessory energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometer at the Center for Electron Microscopy, University of Illinois. A. Pyrite framboids from the low-temperature ash of a sample from the DeKoven Coal Member. B. Pyrite cast of plant cells from the low-temperature ash of a sample from the Colchester (No. 2) Coal Member. C. Kaolinite (left) and sphalerite (right) in minerals from a cleat (vertical fracture), Herrin (No. 6) Coal Member. D. Calcite from a cleat in the Herrin (No. 6) Coal Member. E. Kaolinite books from a cleat in the Herrin (No. 6) Coal Member. F. Galena small crystals in the low-temperature ash of a sample from the DeKoven Coal Member.

Figure 3. Scanning electron photomicrographs of fly ash particulates collected on alundum thimbles used to sample the precipitator inlet and outlet and the stack...

Fig. 2. Scanning electron photomicrograph of a nonsagging tungsten filament taken after several hundred hours of operation at 2500°C in a 60-watt light bulb. (After Wittenaur, Nieh, and Wadsworth)...

Fig. 11.7. A Mesial surface of an extracted human premolar containing an early carious lesion. Dashed lines mark the regions scanned to produce the OCT images in (B) and (C). B OCT depth image from a region of sound enamel. C OCT depth image from a region of the carious lesion. Inset photomicrograph of a thin tooth section revealing the subsurface lesion.

---