Phosphorus production rate

Wackett LP, SL Shames, CP Venditti, CT Walsh (1987a) Bacterial carbon-phosphorus lyase products, rates and regulation of phosphonic and phosphinic acid metabolism. J Bacterial 169 710-717. 

The results in Figure 6.9 show that the production rate of readily biodegradable substrate (Ss) by the anaerobic hydrolysis is larger than the removal rate. It is a major result that readily biodegradable substrate is not just preserved but produced. This fact has positive implications on the subsequent treatment processes in terms of denitrification and biological phosphorus removal. On the other hand, it is negative if wastewater treatment is only required in terms of BOD removal. 

Irradiation Dose and Dose Rate. In most cases, an increase of the dose led to an increase of the degradation products. For a radiation dose lower than 0.1 MGy, the yield of the TBP decomposition products was independent of the irradiation dose and G(HDBP) > G(H2MBP) (85). Above 0.2 MGy, the value of G for the majority of identified phosphorus products decreased with increasing absorbed dose... 

Figure 6. Postulated pathogenesis of NSF (Explanation in the text). Abbreviations GFR, glomerular filtration rate CaxP, calcium-phosphorus product NSF, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis IV, intravenous GCCA, gadolinium-containing contrast agents.

Ca X P calcium phosphorus product serum calcium multiplied by serum phosphorus CKD chronic kidney disease CPK creatine phosphokinase DEO deferoxamine EPO erythropoietin ESKD end-stage kidney disease ESRD end-stage renal disease FEk fractional excretion of potassium FEn fractional excretion of sodium GFR glomerular filtration rate Hct hematocrit HDL high-density fipoprotein Hgb hemoglobin... 

Fig. 15.8. Simulated change of plant production (a), soil carbon (b), and organic soil phosphorus (c) resulting from altered dust phosphorus deposition rates.

Pan et al. [150] found that in cultures of Prorocentrum spp. toxin production stops in the dark, and Zhou and Fritz [151] showed that OA is mainly localized in the peripheral chloroplasts. These observations led to the conclusion that toxin production is light-mediated. Nevertheless, high estimates of OAs per cell were obtained in a few isolated analyses of the heterotrophic D. rotundata [152]. In cultures of Prorocentrum hoffinannianum, toxin production rates are similar to growth rates, with maximum values observed during the exponential phase [153,154], but other studies show that production continues in the stationary phase after division has ceased [155,156]. Increased toxin content per cell in incubations of picked cells of D. acuta and D. acuminata was interpreted as a response to nitrogen and/or phosphorus limitation [157], but a similar increase was observed in cells of D. acuta maintained a few days in untreated seawater from the same location where they were collected [36]. 

E>etailed measurements of the amount and behavior of these two radionuclides in different LWR plants were performed by Stockert and Trummer (1985). These investigations showed activity concentrations in the primary coolants of six different PWR plants ranging from 4 to 50 MBq/Mg, in the reactor water of two BWR plants from 0.4 to 7 MBq/Mg. It seems reasonable, therefore, to assume that the significantly higher production rate in the PWR coolant is due to phosphorus impurities in the added boric acid. On the other hand, activity concentrations were detected in the range from 0.07 to 2 MBq/Mg in PWRs about 0.4 MBq/Mg were measured in the reactor water of the only BWR plant investigated. 

Equip a 1 litre bolt-head flask with dropi)ing fuuncl and a double surface reflux condenser to the top of the latter attach a device (e.g.. Fig. II, 8, 1. c) for the absorption of the hydrogen bromide evolved. Place 100 g. (108 ml.) of dry iso-valeric acid (Section 111,80) and 12 g. of pmified red phosphorus (Section 11,50,5) in the flask. Add 255 g. (82 ml.) of dry bromine (Section 11,49,5) slowly through the dropping funnel at such a rate that little or no bromine is lost with the hydrogen bromide evolved the addition occupies 2-3 hours. Warm the reaction mixture on a water bath until the evolution of hydrogen bromide is complete and the colour of the bromine has disappeared. Pour off the liquid reaction product into a Claisen flask and distil mider the reduced pressure of a water pump. Collect the a-bromo-wo-valeryl bromide at 117-122°/25-30 mm. The yield is 150 g. 

A solution of 0.10 mol of freshly distilled diethylaminopropyne in 80 ml of dry (distilled from phosphorus pentoxide) acetonitrile was cooled to 5°C and dry carbon dioxide was introduced into the vigorously agitated solution at a rate of about 0.3 1/min. The temperature rose above 20°C within a few minutes, but was kept at about 30°C by occasionally immersing the flask in a bath of ice-water. The introduction of CO2 was continued until the temperature had dropped to 25°C and the typical odour of the yneamine had disappeared completely. The yellow solution was concentrated in a water-pump vacuum. The residue, a sirupy liquid, had the theoretically required weight and consisted of reasonably pure (about 955 ) allenyl-diamide. If desired the product car be distilled (short-path distillation) in a high vacuum. It solidified upon standing at -25 C. 

A recent review of research on phosphorus input to surface waters from agriculture highlights the variability of particulate and dissolved phosphorus contributions to catchments. The input varies with rainfall, fertilizer application rates, the history of the application of the fertilizer, land use, soil type, and between surface and sub-surface water. The balance struck between export of nutrients from the catchment and recipient-water productivity is the primary factor which controls its quality. 

Fire Hazards - Flash Point (deg. F) 82 - 105 CC (solutions only pure liquid difficult to burn) Flammable Limits in Air (%) Not pertinent Fire Extinguishing Agents (for solutions) Foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide Fire Extinguishing Agents Not to be Used Water may be ineffective Special Hazards of Combustion Products Oxides of sulfur and phosphorus are generated in fires Behavior in Fire Not pertinent Igrution Temperature Not pertinent Electrical Hazard Data not available Burning Rate (for solutions) 4 mm/min. 

The British Non-Ferrous Metals Research Association carried out two series of tests, the results of which have been given by Gilbert and Gilbert and Porter these are summarised in Table 4.12. In the first series tough pitch copper tubes were exposed at seven sites for periods of up to 10 years. The two most corrosive soils were a wet acid peat (pH 4-2) and a moist acid clay (pH 4-6). In these two soils there was no evidence that the rate of corrosion was decreasing with duration of exposure. In the second series phosphorus-deoxidised copper tube and sheet was exposed at five sites for five years. Severe corrosion occurred only in cinders (pH 7 1). In these tests sulphides were found in the corrosion products on some specimens and the presence of sulphate-reducing bacteria at some sites was proved. It is not clear, however, to what extent the activity of these bacteria is a factor accelerating corrosion of copper. 

A solution of 52.8 g. (0.20 mole) of o-xylylene dibromide (Note 6) in 300 ml. of purified dimethylformamide is added dropwise with stirring at such a rate as to maintain a temperature of 60-70° (Note 7). Subsequently the reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 3 hours and then poured into 600 ml. of ice water in a 2-1. Erlenmeyer flask. After standing at room temperature overnight the product is collected by suction filtration, pressed on the funnel, and washed twice with 100-ml. portions of water. The crude product is air-dried on filter paper for 2-3 hours and is then dissolved in 1.21. of boiling 95% ethanol. The solution is filtered through a heated funnel, and the filtrate is refrigerated overnight. The crystals are collected on a Buchner funnel and washed on the funnel with 100 ml. of cold 95% ethanol. The product is dried over phosphorus pentoxide in a vacuum desiccator. The yield of white crystals of 2-(% tolylsulf onyl)-dihydroisoindole is 41-46 g. (75-84%), m.p. 174-175° (dec.). 

---