Phosphopyridine nucleotides

L. N. M. Duysens and J. Amesz, Fluorescence spectrophotometry of reduced phosphopyridine nucleotide in intact cells in the near-ultraviolet and visible region, Biochem. Biophys. Acta 24, 19-26 (1957). 

Cyanide ions attack the 4-position in pyridinium salts. For example, nicotinamide pyr-iV-methiodide (143, R = CHS) and di-phosphopyridine nucleotide give the 4-cyano- 1,4-dihydro derivatives (144) 328,329 3-Acetyl-iV-benzylpyridinium chloride similarly gives the 4-cyano-1,4-dihydro derivative and no attack at C-2 has been reported.330 Hydrosulfite reduction of nicotinamide quaternary salts... 

A protein from leaves catalyzing the reduction of metmyoglobin and tri-phosphopyridine nucleotide by illuminated chloroplasts. Biochem. J. 77, 471-477 (1960). 

Since the chemical shifts of carbon nuclei in the nicotinamide moiety of the di-phosphopyridine nucleotides (NAD and NADH) are almost identical to the tri-phosphopyridine nucleotides (NADP and NADPH). the intensities of the oxidized (NAD ) and reduced (NADH) resonances determine a mean reduction charge of the cells defined by... 

The reduction of quaternary derivatives of nicotinic amide as model compounds for the phosphopyridine nucleotides has been subject to many polarographic [235, 247-255] and electrolytic investigations. At pH 4—7 a one-electron wave is found, whereas in alkaline solution two, one-electron waves are seen. Controlled potential reduction in a phosphate buffer at the potential (—1.2 V) of the first wave of l-methyl-3-carbamoyl or 1-benzyl-3-carbamoylpyridinium ions produces a mixture of dimers, including diastereomers of 6,6 - [248] and 4,4 - [253], in addition to unsymmetrical dimers [254]. 

From the livers of various animals has been isolated an enzyme named glucose dehydrogenase which, with di- or tri-phosphopyridine nucleotide as coenzyme, reversibly converts D-glucose to D-gluconolactone. It appears to be rather specific for fl-D-glucose, although /3-D-xylose can also be oxidized (at a lower rate). -... 

Burk D, Woods M. Hydrogen peroxide, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, quinones, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, and phosphopyridine nucleotides in relation to x-ray action on cancer cells. RadiatRes 1963 3(Suppl) 212 16. 

Griffiths, M.M. Bernofsky, C. Purification and properties of reduced di-phosphopyridine nucleotide kinase from yeast mitochondria. J. Biol. Chem., 247, 1473-1478 (1972)... 

Walaas, E. and Walaas, O., Oxidation of reduced phosphopyridine nucleotides by /7-phenylenediamines, catecholamines and serotonin in the presence of ceruloplasmin. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 95, 151 (1961). 

Burk, D., and M. Woods Hydrogen Peroxide, Catalase, Glutathione Peroxidase, Quinones, Nor-dihydroguaiaretic Acid, and Phosphopyridine Nucleotides in Relation to X-Ray Action on Cancer Cells. Radiation Res. Suppl. 3, 212 (1963) apud Chem. Abstr. 59, 1934 (1963). 

In 1931 Otto Warburg discovered that the oxidation of glucose 6-phosphate in red blood cells required both an enzyme and a heat stable coenzyme, and he later referred to the latter as the Wasserstolfubertragendes Co-Ferment , i> to distinguish it from cozymase, the coenzyme of yeast fermentation, which had been discovered many years earlier by Sir Arthur Harden. He found that the functional group in both coenzymes was nicotinamide, which acted as acceptor for the protons removed from the substrate. In addition to nicotinamide, each coenzyme also contained one adenine and two ribosyl residues, but they differed in their phosphorus content. These observations led him to name the cozymase diphosphopyridine nucleotide (DPN), and the hydrogen-transferring coenzyme tri-phosphopyridine nucleotide (TPN). ... 

Accumulation of A -pyrroline-5-carboxylate from glutamic acid has been demonstrated in a number of microorganisms 116-119). This conversion has been observed with whole cells, no broken cell preparation has been prepared that can reduce glutamic acid. From the reported results, there is a suggestion that a phosphorylation step may be involved 117-119) as is the case in the conversion of aspartic acid to homoserine. Also, a phosphopyridine nucleotide may serve as the reducing agent 117-119). 

Yura and Vogel 18S) discovered an enzyme in Neurospora, w-hydroxy-a-amino acid dehydrogenase which oxidizes c-hydroxynorleucine to the semialdehyde. A number of hydroxyamino acids of varying chain lengths were found to serve as substrates for this enz3mie. Only the L-forms of the amino acids were active. A phosphopyridine nucleotide was required as the hydrogen acceptor. The equation for the reaction is shown below. 

There are some quantitative differences in the ability of different bacteria to use a given compound and in the ease with which different compounds can be used by the same species. Thus, among alkyl esters of nicotinic acid, the methyl ester gave delayed growth with Staph, aureus, the time-lag being interpreted as due to the need to hydrolyze to the free acid prepara-toiy to amide and phosphopyridine nucleotide synthesis (159). With dysentery bacilli [3 strains of Shigella paradysenteriae (186)] the methyl... 

Differences of Synthetic A hilities of Bacteria in Relation to Phosphopyridine Nucleotides... 

When some species of micro-organisms require a part, and others the whole, of the phosphopyridine nucleotide molecule, the simplest deduction... 

Nutrient Requirements of Bacteria as Related to Phosphopyridine Nucleotide... 

In all cases phosphopyridine nucleotides are synthesized, except where required as nutrient-factor. Observed stages in synthesis of phosphopyridine nucleotides ... 

Organism Minimal nutrient requirement with regard to phosphopyridine nucleotide structure Stages of synthesis in scheme which can be carried out References ... 

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