Phenotype matching

Mateo, J. M. and Johnston, R. E. (2000) Kin recognition and the armpit effect evidence of self-referent phenotype matching. Proc. Biol. Sci. 267, 695-700. 

Coho salmon Oncorhynchus Phenotype matching Quinn and Busack, 1985... 

Beldings ground squirrel Phenotype matching Holmes, 1986... 

Beaver Castor canadensis Differential response to scent marks of relatives and strangers, phenotype matching Sun and Miiller-Schwarze, 1997... 

Phenotype matching to recognize an individual as kin, it is not necessary to have met it before. Instead, it can he recognized by cues shared with oneself or a known related individual (also known as the armpit effect ). 

Juvenile Atlantic salmon Salmo salar) and juvenile rainbow trout [Oncorhynchus mykiss) that live in kin groups fight less, thus saving energy and reducing the risk of injury (Brown and Brown, 1993). Rainbow trout discriminate unfamiliar kin from non-kin, but not familiar from unfamiliar kin (Brown et ah, 1993). This appears to be an example of phenotype matching kin have matching odors, while kin and non-kin have not. 

Brown, G. E., Brown, J., and Crosbie, A. (1993). Phenotype matching in juvenile rainbow trout. AnimalBehaviour46,1223-1225. 

Kin recognition by phenotype matching in female Belding s ground squirrels. 

Sun, L. and Miiller-Schwarze, D. (1997). Sibling recognition in the beaver a field test for phenotype matching. Animal Behaviour 54,492-502. 

Figure 11.2 Schemes of nestmate recognition models. (A) Models based on matching of alleles. Haplodiploidy is assumed, as in Hymenopteran societies. (B) Models based on phenotype matching. Arrows indicate which phenotypes will be accepted under the respective model. Acceptance errors will be made more frequently when the desirable-present model applies, whereas more rejection errors will be made under the undesirable-absent model (Sherman et al., 1997).

Berenbaum, M.R. and Zangerl, A.R. (1998) Ghemical phenotype matching between a plant and its insect herbivore. Proc. Natl. Acad. Set. USA., 95,13743-8. 

The experiments described above in section 3 provide behavioral evidence for the similarity of odors based on relatedness in golden hamsters and we have obtained similar results with Turkish hamsters (Heth, Todrank Johnston, unpublished observations). Similarity in the qualities of odors of individuals among family members could be the basis for cues used for kin recognition by phenotype matching. But, do hamsters recognize kin Do they treat close relatives differently than unrelated individuals ... 

These results are also relevant to the debate over whether self-referent phenotype matching occurs in mammals (Holmes Sherman, 1982 Holmes, 1986). Hamsters could not have used the odors from all their nest-mates to develop a family template because they... 

Heth, G., Todrank, J. Johnston, R. E. 1998. Kin recognition in golden hamsters evidence for phenotype matching. Anim. Behav. (in press). 

Holmes, W.G. 1986. Kin recognition by phenotype matching in female Belding s ground squirrels. Anim. Behav., 34, 38-47. 

Topical application of artificial odorants has been employed as an experimental technique to investigate further phenotype-matching of olfactory cues. Groups of three llttermates were caged together following... 

Blaustein, A. R., 1983, Kin recognition mechanisms Phenotype matching or recognition alleles , Amer. Natural., 121 749. 

The factors which permit altruistic behaviors to be differentially directed to kin and non-kin have aroused much interest. Hamilton s (1964) development of the concept of inclusive fitness allowed a rationale for the evolution of altruistic behavior. However, in order to evolve, such behaviors must be directed at kin, and thus kin and nonkin must be discriminated. Various means by which such discriminations take place have been elaborated by Alexander (1979), Blaustein (1983), Holmes and Sherman (1983) and others. One prominent issue is the extent to which phenotype matching (involving learning) and/or recognition alleles are involved in kin recognition. Here we consider this and other issues in the context of a specific set of studies that have explored a genetic basis for possible discriminations among individual... 

Holmes and Sherman, 1982 for further discussion of these issues). First, recognition could occur through what has been termed phenotypic matching. Here, learning of the phenotype of relatives or self forms a template against which other individuals are compared. Second, recognition alleles could exist. These alleles would code for both the phenotype marker, and the ability to recognize it. 

First, consider phenotype matching as it concerns mate choice based on H-2. Mice live in relatively stable social groups or demes (Bronson,... 

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