Phenotype matching recognition alleles

Figure 11.2 Schemes of nestmate recognition models. (A) Models based on matching of alleles. Haplodiploidy is assumed, as in Hymenopteran societies. (B) Models based on phenotype matching. Arrows indicate which phenotypes will be accepted under the respective model. Acceptance errors will be made more frequently when the desirable-present model applies, whereas more rejection errors will be made under the undesirable-absent model (Sherman et al., 1997).

Blaustein, A. R., 1983, Kin recognition mechanisms Phenotype matching or recognition alleles , Amer. Natural., 121 749. 

The factors which permit altruistic behaviors to be differentially directed to kin and non-kin have aroused much interest. Hamilton s (1964) development of the concept of inclusive fitness allowed a rationale for the evolution of altruistic behavior. However, in order to evolve, such behaviors must be directed at kin, and thus kin and nonkin must be discriminated. Various means by which such discriminations take place have been elaborated by Alexander (1979), Blaustein (1983), Holmes and Sherman (1983) and others. One prominent issue is the extent to which phenotype matching (involving learning) and/or recognition alleles are involved in kin recognition. Here we consider this and other issues in the context of a specific set of studies that have explored a genetic basis for possible discriminations among individual... 

Holmes and Sherman, 1982 for further discussion of these issues). First, recognition could occur through what has been termed phenotypic matching. Here, learning of the phenotype of relatives or self forms a template against which other individuals are compared. Second, recognition alleles could exist. These alleles would code for both the phenotype marker, and the ability to recognize it. 

In this way, phenotypic matching would be impossible and, if recognition still occurred, a recognition allele hypothesis would be supported. 

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