Phenotype characterization

Wilkes, J. G. Rushing, L. Nayak, R. Buzatu, D. A. Sutherland, J. B. Rapid phenotypic characterization of Salmonella enterica strains by pyrolysis metastable atom bombardment mass spectrometry with multivariate statistical and artificial neural network pattern recognition. J. Microbiol. Meth. submitted for publication. 

The phenotypic characterization of genetically modified rodents has advanced the understanding of both the basis of narcolepsy-cataplexy and the functions of the orexin system in the normal animal. Here we review the... 

The receptor for RANKL is RANK, also known as ODAR (Anderson et al. 1997 Hsu et al. 1999). RANK is expressed in osteoclast precursors, mature osteoclasts, condrocytes, fibroblasts, and immune system cells (Anderson et al. 1997 Hsu et al. 1999). The binding of RANKL with RANK on preosteoclasts initiates the OCS and the activation of osteoclasts (Anderson et al. 1997 Hsu et al. 1999 Nakagawa et al. 1998). RANK-deficient mice display a phenotype characterized by osteopetrosis and several defects in the immune system similar to that observed in RANKL-deficient mice (Dougall et al. 1999). Consistent with this hypothesis, RANK-deficient mice are resistant to bone resorption induced by TNF-a, IL-l/J, or vitamin D3 (Li et al. 2000). In agreement with this, mice deficient in molecules implied in the transduction pathway from RANK like TRAF-6 or NF-/c Bl/NK-/c B2 also show an osteopetrotic phenotype,... 

Haynes, B.F., et al. Early events in human T cell ontogeny. Phenotypic characterization and immunohistologic localization of T cell precursors in early human fetal tissues, J. Exp. M.d., 168, 1061, 1988. 

Patick AK, Duran M, Cao Y, Pei Z, Keller MR, Peterkin J, Chapman S, Anderson B, Markowitz M.. Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of HIV-1 variants isolated from in vitro selection studies and from patients treated with the protease inhibitor, nelfinavir. Fifth International Workshop on HIV Drug Resistance, Whistler, Canada, 1996 29. 

Fig. 19.4. UVRR spectrum of a bacterial bulk layer with genotypic information due to enhanced DNA and protein signals compared with a micro-Raman spectrum of a bacterial cell for phenotypic characterization since all subcellular components DNA, protein, carbohydrates, and lipids contribute to the Raman spectrum...

Cobb M. (1996) Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of the Drosophila melanogaster olfactory mutation Indifferent. Genetics 144, 1577-1587. 

Phenotype characterization Genetic stability Early stage (acute) Late stage (chronic) Biocompatabifity Biomechanical properties Degradation profile Early stage (acute toxicity) Late stage (chronic toxicity)... 

CRITICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE METHOD Immortalization of brain capillary endothelial cells is a difficult process and phenotype characterization must be performed very carefully and always in comparison to primary cultured cells. However, an immortal cell line promises higher reproducibility of results, easier handling and finally to be less time-, material- and labour-consuming. 

Diaz J, Levesque D, Lammers CH, Griffon N, Martres M-P, Schwartz JC, Sokoloff P (1995) Phenotypical characterization of neurons expressing the dopamine D3 receptor in the rat brain. Neuroscience (55 731-745. 

Le Moine C, Normand E, Bloch B (1991) Phenotypical characterization of the rat striatal neurons expressing the D1 dopamine receptor gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 55 4205 4209. 

Seed lot system for cells and microorganisms with complete history, genotypic and phenotypic characterization stability of seed lot beyond passage level used for production. Freedom from potentially pathogenic adventitious agents or validated inactivation or elimination procedures with sufficient safety margin. 

Mackay, V., and Manney, T.R. (1974). Mutations affecting sexual conjugation and related processes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. I. Isolation and phenotypic characterization of nonmating mutants. Genetics 76 255-271. 

Hallbeck L., Stahl F., and Pederson K. (1993) Phylogeny and phenotypic characterization of the stalk-forming and iron-oxidizing bacterium Gallionella ferruginea. J. Gen. Microbiol. 139, 1531-1535. 

Ellery PJ, Crowe SM (2005) Phenotypic characterization of blood monocytes from HIV-infected individuals. Methods Mol Biol 304 343-353. 

Of 302 clinical isolates of S. pyogenes from Portugal, 108 were resistant to erythromycin, and 86 also had a constitutive resistance to clindamycin (MLSB phenotype) (59). Four isolates had a phenotype characterized by low-level erythromycin resistance and high-level chn-damycin resistance. In another European study of 286 S. pneumoniae strains, 7% were resistant to penicUhn, and 35% were also resistant to clindamycin (60). Of 3205 group A streptococcal strains from Canada, only 18 and 2 strains respectively showed inducible and constitutive resistance to clindamycin (61). Among 180 strains of the Streptococcus milleri group isolated in Spain, 17% were resistant to clindamycin (62). 

Ghiggeri GM, Altieri P, Oleggini R, Valenti F, Ginevri F, Perfumo F, Gusmano R. Cyclosporine enhances the synthesis of selected extracellular matrix proteins by renal cells"in culture". Different cell responses and phenotype characterization.Transplantation 1994 57 1382-1388. 

Bilyk, N. and Holt, P.G. (1991). The surfece phenotypic characterization of lung macrophages in C3H/HeJ mice. Immunology 74, 645-651. 

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