Phenomenological approaches research

Chemical Kinetics of Solids covers a special part of solid state chemistry and physical chemistry. It has been written for graduate students and researchers who want to understand the physical chemistry of solid state processes in fair depth and to be able to apply the basic ideas to new (practical) situations. Chemical Kinetics of Solids requires the standard knowledge of kinetic textbooks and a sufficient chemical thermodynamics background. The fundamental statistical theory underlying the more or less phenomenological approach of this monograph can be found in a recent book by A. R. Allnatt and A.B. Lidiard Atomic Transport in Solids, which complements and deepens the theoretical sections. 

In summary, continuum models of membranes have been instrumental to understand the physical properties of lipid assemblies and they have dramatically helped the development of this research field. They nowadays represent a gold standard to interpret both in vitro and in vivo experiments and to test the accuracy of bottom-up microscopic approaches on large-scale membrane properties. Yet, despite massively elaborated mathematical attempts to incorporate microscopic details into the equations, the inevitable assumptions that are intrinsic of phenomenological approaches prevent a faithful and accurate description of the chemical properties of lipid assemblies. 

The choice between the two models outlined in Section 1.1 represents a compromise between ambition and experimental resources. Obviously, we would like to express our results in the most general and fundamental ways possible. This suggests working with diffusion coefficients. However, in many cases, our experimental measurements will dictate a more approximate and phenomenological approach. Such approximations often imply mass transfer coefficients, but they usually still permit us to reach our research goals. 

It is necessary to drive forward research on the effectiveness of the biodynamic preparations in order to provide sound practical recommendations for the frequency and timing of their use. However, discussions are required to decide whether it makes sense to assess the effect of individual biodynamic practices in isolation from the overall method, as these practices were proposed as part of a comprehensive farming system (Steiner 2004), the impulse of which is based, in particular, on a holistic understanding of agricultural processes. A complex, holistic, systemic form of science would be appropriate to biodynamic farming (Baars 2002), but has not yet been realised (Lockeretz 2000). It is unclear what would constitute holistic research. Phenomenological descriptions of the overall context are without doubt a key element that has been developed in much detail in the context of anthroposophic research over the past 80 years (Bockemtlhl 1992). However, does holistic research mean that the approach to every... 

Today, the research of construction materials involves transition from the phenomenological to the physicochemical approach, i.e. to the study of the molecular mechanisms of degradation processes using methods of the physics and physicochemistry of polymers. The practical result of these investigations will be scientifically sub-... 

While several years of research have led to the description of clear as well as ambiguous phenomenological observations with respect to effects of dietary fat on the human immune system, few if any studies have specifically focused on mechanisms. However, many animal model and cell culture studies have been done in an attempt to describe the possible mechanisms involved in FA effects on immune cells and the immune system. In addition, studies on other cell types can be used to infer possible mechanistic effects by dietary fat in animal models or humans. In the following sections, we discuss selected mechanisms of how FAs may alter immune cells and ultimately the immune system. The list is by no means exhaustive, but it is a focused approach. 

The purpose of the research introduced here is to approach closely to the failure mechanism of rubbery polymers from a phenomenological view. Many of excellent observations on the time dependent failure behavior of rubbery polymers have been done by those scientists, T. L. Smith (5> 6, 7) F- Bueche (8),... 

In addition to their practical use in industrial research and development, the correlations and extensive data tables presented in this book should help researchers pursuing more fundamental theoretical approaches to the structure-property relationships in polymers. The correlations may point out interrelationships which have not been noticed in previous work. The tables of data may provide many test cases to evaluate new predictive theories. Empirical (correlative) approaches and their embodiments in predictive schemes often catalyze conceptual advances. Phenomenological and empirical treatments have preceded very significant theoretical and conceptual advances in many areas of science and technology. Such treatments have provided foundations of critically evaluated data and carefully quantified sets of interrelationships, upon which later workers have erected theoretical edifices transcending the systematic correlation of available data. We therefore hope that theoretically inclined polymer scientists will find some of the information presented in this book helpful in their efforts. 

The well-undersfood facf of fhe breakdown of "lowest-order perturbation theory" (LOFT) in the area of atom (molecule)—EMF interactions ushered theoretical research into a new age, whose substantial progress depends, apart from esfablishing fhe fundamentals of phenomenology, on the transparency and efficiency of fheoretical approaches to handle the multifarious MEP wifhin compufafional schemes that go beyond the LOPT. These fall into two types of frameworks One which employs, where appropriate, stationary-state formalism (e.g., see Refs. [1, 30-32]), and another in which the aim is the computation of P(f) by solving the TDSE. 

The purpose of this book is to present the principles of chemical kinetics along with modem applications. Thus the student will learn not only the basic formulations but also will be stimulated (hopefully) by the exciting current research in chemical kinetics. Obviously a complete description of modem chemical kinetics would require a volume (or volumes) considerably larger than this one. Therefore, only a selection of topics is possible. Many extremely interesting aspects are not covered, but I believe that a student who understands the material presented will have no trouble in going directly to the literature for further informa-, tion. The phenomenology and conunonly used theories of chemical kinetics are presented in a critical manner, with particular emphasis on collision dynamics. How and what mechanistic information can be obtained from various experimental approaches is stressed throughout the book. 

The long-standing problem of the polymer conformational transitions is an open issue of the cross-disciplinary research work and interest [1—4]. It is usually referred to as the Levinthal s paradox with an emphasis on the substantial discrepancy between the phenomenological data and the theoretical background of the issue [5]. The original Levinthal s analysis [5] has led to extensive search for the preferred pathways (trajectories) in the conformation space of a macromolecule. Recently, the problem is sharpened by the new approach that calls for the fiinnel-like form of the conformation space [6], probably offering the possibility to overcome the Levinthal s paradox. 

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