Phenols mercury salts

Acetoiicetyliition Reactions. The best known and commercially most important reaction of diketene is the aceto acetylation of nucleophiles to give derivatives of acetoacetic acid (Fig. 2) (1,5,6). A wide variety of substances with acidic hydrogens can be acetoacetylated. This includes alcohols, amines, phenols, thiols, carboxyHc acids, amides, ureas, thioureas, urethanes, and sulfonamides. Where more than one functional group is present, ring closure often follows aceto acetylation, giving access to a variety of heterocycHc compounds. These reactions often require catalysts in the form of tertiary amines, acids, and mercury salts. Acetoacetate esters and acetoacetamides are the most important industrial intermediates prepared from diketene. 

One-part urethane sealants (Table 3) are more compHcated to formulate on account of an undesirable side reaction between the prepolymer s isocyanate end and water vapor which generates carbon dioxide. If this occurs, the sealant may develop voids or bubbles. One way to avoid this reaction is to block the isocyanate end with phenol and use a diketamine to initiate cure. Once exposed to moisture, the diketamine forms a diamine and a ketone. The diamine reacts with the isocyanate end on the prepolymer, creating a cross-link (10). Other blocking agents, such as ethyl malonate, are also used (11). Catalysts commonly used in urethane formulations are tin carboxylates and bismuth salts. Mercury salt catalysts were popular in early formulations, but have been replaced by tin and bismuth compounds. 

Discoloration or precipitation may occur with iodides, mercury salts, phenolic substances, salicylates, sulfonamides, and tannins. Polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers are also incompatible with benzocaine, tretinoin and oxidizable drugs. ... 

Care must be taken in carrying out this test tliat alcohol and ether, should they be present, do not prevent the luminescence of the vapours. Turpentine and other volatile oils, as well as phenol and creosote, often completely prevent it furthermore, red phosphorus does not produce this luminescence, but mixtures of sulphur and phosphorus, such as are found in match-heads, will cause it. According to Polstorff and Mensching, the luminescence is also hindered by the presence of mercury salts. Copper salts and sulphuretted hydrogen also said to interfere. Even after continued distillation, the whole of the phosphorus will not be found in the distillate O. Schifferdecker calculates that for ev cry milligram of phosphorus in the distillate, the original substance contained 1 5 to 2 0 mg. 

High concentrations of disinfectants, e.g. chlorhex-idine, phenol or mercury salts, will coagulate the cytoplasm and in fact it was this kind of reaction which gave rise to the epithet general protoplasmic poison , already referred to, providing an uncritical and dismissive definition of the mode of action of disinfectants. There is little doubt, however, that the disinfectants in use in the 1930s had just this effect when applied at high concentrations. 

Many substances wiU prevent the growth of mildew. Zinc, copper, and mercury salts, phenols, chlorophenols, and phenylphenols have been used. Zinc chloride is very effective and was used extensively in the past, but it was not without objections, such as a tendency to cause tendering, particai-larly during singeing. The British Cotton Industry Research Association found that salicylanUide ... 

A convenient one-step conversion of aromatic nitro compds. to phenols with benzaldoxime has been reported High yields of alcohols, ethers, carboxylates, and nitrates can be obtained from alkyl halides with mercury salts... 

P-Hydroxy-a-naphthaldehyde, Equip a 1 litre three-necked flask with a separatory funnel, a mercury-sealed mechanical stirrer, and a long (double surface) reflux condenser. Place 50 g. of p-naphthol and 150 ml. of rectified spirit in the flask, start the stirrer, and rapidly add a solution of 100 g. of sodium hydroxide in 210 ml. of water. Heat the resulting solution to 70-80° on a water bath, and place 62 g. (42 ml.) of pure chloroform in the separatory funnel. Introduce the chloroform dropwise until reaction commences (indicated by the formation of a deep blue colour), remove the water bath, and continue the addition of the chloroform at such a rate that the mixture refluxes gently (about 1 5 hours). The sodium salt of the phenolic aldehyde separates near the end of the addition. Continue the stirring for a further 1 hour. Distil off the excess of chloroform and alcohol on a water bath use the apparatus shown in Fig. II, 41, 1, but retain the stirrer in the central aperture. Treat the residue, with stirring, dropwise with concentrated hydrochloric acid until... 

In fishes, additive or more-than-additive toxicity occurs with mixtures of salts of copper and mercury, copper-zinc-phenol, and copper-nickel-zinc (Birge and Black 1979). Accumulation of copper in gills of fathead minnows during exposure to 16 pg Cu/L is reduced by added ionic calcium, which competes with Cu for gill binding sites (Playle et al. 1992). 

Reimer-Tiemann reaction org chem Formation of phenolic aldehydes by reaction of phenol with chloroform in the presence of an alkali. rTm-or te-m3n re.ak-shon Reinecke s salt analychem (Ntf3)2Cr(SCN)4 NH4 H2O A reagent to detect mercury (gives a red color or a precipitate), and to isolate organic bases (such as proline or histidine). rTn-o-kez, s6lt ... 

Commonly used preservative agents include organic acids such as benzoic acid and salts, the parabens, (alkyl esters ofp-hydroxybenzoic acid), sorbic acid and salts, phenolic compounds, quaternary ammonium compounds, alcohols, and mercurials such as thimerosal in 0.001-0.004% concentration. 

Since then the sodium salts of chlorinated phenols, sodium pentachlorophenate and sodium tetrachlorophenate, buffered in most formulations with borax, with or without organo-mercurials, has dominated the sapstain and mould preventive market. In British Columbia the lumber industry voluntarily stopped using formulations containing mercury in the late I9601s. However sapstain and mould preventives containing mercurials are still in use in the U.S.A. 

Picrates, especially salts of transition and heavy metals, such as nickel, lead, mercury, copper, and zinc picric acid is explosive but is less sensitive to shock or friction than its metal salts, and is relatively safe as a water wet paste Polynitroalkyl compounds, such as tetranitromethane and dinitroacetonitrile Polynitroaromatic compounds, especially polynitrohydrocarbons, phenols, and amines... 

Benzene-m>disulfonic acid is used in the preparation of phenol-m-sulfonic acid and of resorcinol. Further sulfonation of benzene-m-disulfonic acid to the trisulfonic acid is accomplished by heating the sodium salt for several hours at about 250°, in the presence of mercury, with 66 per cent oleum. 

Resist films (1-2 microns) containing t-butoxycarbonate protected phenolic resin and appropriate onium salt photoinitiators were spin coated on quartz wafers (UV analysis), sodium chloride plates (IR) and silicon wafers (imaging). Near-siirface irradiation with deep UV light was performed with a mercury-arc lamp through 200 and 220 nm bandpass filters (Oriel). 

CNC Antistat 4 is a metallic salt derivative designed to produce mildew and rot resistance on textiles. It Is nonvolatile and does not contain phenol iodine or mercurials. 

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