Phase fractionation

Figure 3.55. Correlation of dispersed phase fractional holdup values with aqueous (L ) and solvent (O ) flow rates.

Breci, L., Hattrup, E., Keeler, M., Letarte, J., Johnson, R., Haynes, PA. (2005). Comprehensive proteomics in yeast using chromatographic fractionation, gas phase fractionation, protein gel electrophoresis, and isoelectric focusing. Proteomics 5, 2018-2028. 

Figure 6.19. Distribution of Mn in solid-phase fractions in Israeli soils. Soils were incubated at the saturated paste regime (after Han and Banin, 1996. Reprinted from Soil Sci Soc Am J, 60, Han F.X., Banin A., Solid-phase manganese fractionation changes in saturated arid-zone soils Pathways and kinetics, p 1075, Copyright (1996), with permission from Soil Sci Soc Am)...

Figure 6.20. Distribution of Mn in solid-phase fractions in Israeli soils. Soils were incubated at the field capacity regime...

The initial transformations of Co among solid-phase fractions in two arid soils during incubation were concomitant with changes in Eh and pH. A rapid initial stage of transformation of Co was observed, mainly from the ERO fraction, and to some extent, from the RO and the OM fractions to the CARB fraction. Transformation pathways of Co followed those of Mn in the soils during incubation (Fig. 6.29). Most of the changes were completed within three days in the sandy soil, but these changes lasted 18 days in the... 

Figure 6.28. Initial changes of Co concentrations in the main solid-phase fractions of two Israeli arid soils. Soils were incubated under the saturated paste regime (after Han et al., 2002b. Reprinted from J Environ Sci Health, Part A, 137, Han F.X., Banin A., Kingery W.L., Li Z.P., Pathways and kinetics of transformation of cobalt among solid-phase components in arid-zone soils, p 188, Copyright (2003), with permission from Taylor Francis).

Again, crystallinity may be replaced by hard phase fraction , soft phase fraction , or whatever designation applies better to die material that is studied. 

Dowson and coworkers studied partitioning and sorptive behavior of tributyltin (TBT) and its degradation products, dibutyltin (DBT) and monobutyltin (MBT) in the aquatic environment107. The determination of the sorptive behavior of TBT is necessary in order to understand its fate in freshwater and estuary environments. The results indicate that MBT and TBT in freshwater will be partitioned to a lesser extent towards the particulate phase, whereas DBT exhibits a 50 50 partitioning between the particulate and solution phases. In estuary waters, MBT will almost exclusively be adsorbed on the particulates, while TBT will be predominantly in the solid-phase fractions but 10-30% may remain in solution. DBT, in contrast, is solubilized in estuary waters. The order of adsorption to particulate matter for butyltins is MBT > TBT > DBT107. 

L. Breci, E. Hattrup, M. Keeler, J. Letarte, R. Johnson, and P. A. Haynes. Comprehensive Proteomics in Yeast Using Chromatographic Fractionation, Gas Phase Fractionation, Protein Gel Electrophoresis, and Isoelectric Focusing. Proteomics, 5(2005) 2018-2028. 

For labelled S-phase fraction, both compounds and all treatments of cell number was reduced, comparing to control, as expected to Topi mechanism of action. Cytostatic effects were found for unlabeled cells as show in normalized curves (Figure 8) with a progressive cytotoxicity at a longer time (48-72h) starting to 100 nM for edotecarin and 300 nM for SN-38. Cytotoxic effects... 

Jourdan ML, Ferrero-Pous M, Spyratos F, Romain S, Martin PM, Chassevent A. Flow cytometric S-phase fraction measurement in breast carcinoma Influence of software and histogram resolution. 

Baldetorp B, Stal O, Ahrens O, Comelisse C, Corver W, Falkmer U, et al. Different calculation methods for flow cytometric S-phase fraction prognostic implications in breast cancer The Swedish Society of Cancer Study Group. Cytometry. 1998 Dec l 33(4) 385-93. 

Figure 2. Reaction scheme for castor oil/polystyrene SIN s. Samples were removed for optical microscopy, followed by centrifugation. The volume fraction and viscosity of each phase fraction was determined for values used in equation (2).

Although Rs values of high Ks compounds derived from Eq. 3.68 may have been partly influenced by particle sampling, it is unlikely that the equation can accurately predict the summed vapor plus particulate phase concentrations, because transport rates through the boundary layer and through the membrane are different for the vapor-phase fraction and the particle-bound fraction, due to differences in effective diffusion coefficients between molecules and small particles. In addition, it will be difficult to define universally applicable calibration curves for the sampling rate of total (particle -I- vapor) atmospheric contaminants. At this stage of development, results obtained with SPMDs for particle-associated compounds provides valuable information on source identification and temporal... 

Wang, Mukherjee, and Wang [124] investigated the effects of catalyst layer electrolyte and void phase fractions on fuel cell performance using a random microstructure. The model predicted volume fractions of 0.4 and 0.26 for void and electrolyte phases, respectively, as the optimal CL compositions. 

Figures 10.8S(a,b) show phase fraction plots for inclusions 1 and 2 in Table 10.4. These are plotted in such a way as to show the cumulative amount of all phases as well as their individual amounts. A quasi-ternary diagram was then plotted for an ideal inclusion with a fixed level of Al2O3=20.4wt% and MgO = 8.2wt% (Fig. 10.86). From this it can be seen that a slight increase in Si02 reduces the liquidus...

Figure 10.85 Calculated phase fraction vs temperature plots for oxide inclusions nos (a) 1, (b) 2 and (c) 3 from Table 10.4.

Fig. 11 PDF of PMN at a 500, b 250, and c 50 K, fit well by the calculated PDF assuming a mixture of the rhombohedral and the cubic phase with varying fraction, d Volume fraction of the rhombohedral phase (fraction of PNR) [18]...

F]-FLT is not or only marginally incorporated into DNA (<2%) and therefore not a direct measure of proliferation [122]. In vitro studies indicated that [ F]-FLT uptake is closely related to thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) activity and respective protein levels [117,118]. p F]-FLT is therefore considered to reflect TK1 activity and hence, S-phase fraction rather than DNA synthesis. Although being a poor substrate for type 1 equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENT), cellular uptake of [ F]-FLT is further facilitated by redistribution of nucleoside transporters to the cellular membrane after inhibition of endogenous synthesis of thymidylate (TMP) de novo synthesis of TMP) [125]. However, the detailed uptake mechanism of [ F]-FLT is yet unknown and the influence of membrane transporters and various nucleoside metabolizing enzymes remains to be determined. 

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