Pharmacodynamic properties of drugs

Clinical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of drugs used in the treatment of Parkinson s disease. Clin Pharmacokinet 2002 41 261-309. 

In drug delivery, nanoparticles show great promise by altering the bioavailability, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic properties of drug molecules to improve therapeutic delivery however, clinical translation has been slow with the lack of ideal and established solutions for precise targeting, cell internalization, and controlled drug solubility and release [24]. Polymeric nanomedicine can address these challenges. 

Pharmacology may be described as the study of the properties of drugs and how they interact with/affect the body. Within this broad discipline exist (somewhat artificial) subdisciplines, including pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. 

Rosecrans JA, Chance WT (1978) The discriminative stimulus properties of n- and m-cholinergic receptor stimulants. In Ho BT, Richards DW III, Chute DL (eds) Drug discrimination and state dependent learning. Academic, New York, pp 119-130 Rosecrans JA, Schechter MD (1972) Brain area nicotine levels in male and female rats of two strains. Arch Int de Pharmacodynamic et de Therapie 196 46-54 Rosecrans JA, Kallman MJ, Glennon RA (1978) The nicotine cue an overview. In Colpaert EC, Rosecrans JA (eds) Stimulus properties of drugs ten years of progress. Elsevier-North Holland, Amsterdam, pp 69-81... 

Elimination of clonidine is 65% by renal excretion and 35% by liver metabolism, while guanfacine and its metabolites are excreted primarily in the urine, with approximately 50% as unchanged drug. These differences in elimination may account for differences in the pharmacodynamic properties of the two drugs. The behavioral effects of clonidine last only 3 to 6... 

Table 5-27 and Table 5-28 summarize the clinically relevant pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of other novel antipsychotics ( 326). Drug interactions with these agents were not systematically evaluated because controlled clinical trials usually prohibit concurrent medications. There are also many special circumstances (e.g., patients with comorbid medical diseases, substance abuse, epilepsy, or atypical indications such as agitation associated with mental retardation or dementia) that are not usually addressed in clinical research trials. Thus, much remains to be learned about significant drug interactions in these patient groups. To our knowledge, however, no consistent, serious, clinically relevant interactions have been reported. 

Drugs are typically tested in animals initially, often using several different species. Initial information on the basic pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the compound is obtained. Information on dosage and toxicity is also obtained from these animal trials. 

Biopharmaceuticals comprise another very important category of molecules that have beneficial therapeutic properties. Biopharmaceuticals will be considered separately for several reasons. First, the drug discovery process is different. Second, there are important differences in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic properties of traditional small-molecule drugs and biopharmaceuticals. While general pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic principles apply equally to small-molecule drugs and biopharmaceutical drugs, biopharmaceuticals often exhibit unique pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties (Meibohm, 2006). Discussion of biopharmaceuticals starts in Section 3.6. 

Shape and stereochemical. These properties affect the pharmacodynamic phase of drug action and influence the drug s interaction with its target receptor. Shape and stereochemical properties describe the structural arrangement of the drug molecule s constituent atoms and influence the molecule s final approach toward the target receptor. 

Electronic. Electronic properties also affect the pharmacodynamic phase of drug action. The electronic properties of a molecule are governed by the... 

Geary RS, Yu RZ, Siwkowski A. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties of phosphorothioate 2 -0-(2-methoxyethyl) modified antisense oligonucleotides in animals and man. In Crooke ST, ed. Antisense Drug Technology. New York Dekker, 2007. 

Structural differences of ARBs influence the variation in pharmacological (pharmacokinetic /pharmacodynamic) properties of these drugs. Affinity for the ATj receptor is highest with candesartan, followed by irbesartan, losartan, valsartan, and telmisartan. Differences and affinities at the ATj receptor are also involved in... 

Herman RJ (1999) Drug interactions and the statins. CMAJ 161 1281-1286. Schachter M (2005) Chemical, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of statins an update. Fund Clin Pharmacol 19 117-125. 

Otagiri, M. Imai, T. Fukuhara, A. Improving the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of a drug by chemical conversion to a chimera drug. J. Controlled Release 1999, 62 (1,2), 223-229. 

It has been established that the selection of a proper drug delivery system should comply with the PK and pharmacodynamic properties of the drug to ensure which input strategy would be most beneficial for achieving significant therapeutic advantages. 

The most abundant member of this group is the cannabinoid Al-THC-7-oic-acid. When tested in humans as well as in the rhesus monkey, this cannabinoid did not show the behavioral activity or the cardiovascular effects characteristic of the parent substance, THC. (Perez-Reyes, M. In Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Psychoactive Drugs, Barnett, G. and Chiang, N. (eds), Biomedical Press, 1985, pages 287-310 Mechoulam, R. and Edery, M. ln Marijuana, Mechoulam, R. (ed.), Academic Press, New York, 1973). Thus, little attention has been given to the possible pharmacodynamic properties of this metabolite or any of the other acid metabolites of THC. 

White, N. J. (1997) Assessment of the pharmacodynamic properties of antimalarial drugs in vivo Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 41, 1413-1422. 

In these examples, the improvement in activity is due to the pharmacodynamic properties of these drugs rather than their affinity for the analgesic receptor. In other words, it reflects how much of the drug can reach the receptor rather than how well it binds to it. 

The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of warfarin, conpled with its narrow therapentic index, predispose this agent to numerons clinically important food and drug interactions (see Tables 19-12, 19-13, and 19-14). Vitamin K can reverse warfarin s pharmacologic activity, and many foods contain sufficient... 

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