Learning, state-dependent

Rosecrans JA, Chance WT (1978) The discriminative stimulus properties of n- and m-cholinergic receptor stimulants. In Ho BT, Richards DW III, Chute DL (eds) Drug discrimination and state dependent learning. Academic, New York, pp 119-130 Rosecrans JA, Schechter MD (1972) Brain area nicotine levels in male and female rats of two strains. Arch Int de Pharmacodynamic et de Therapie 196 46-54 Rosecrans JA, Kallman MJ, Glennon RA (1978) The nicotine cue an overview. In Colpaert EC, Rosecrans JA (eds) Stimulus properties of drugs ten years of progress. Elsevier-North Holland, Amsterdam, pp 69-81... 

Jensen HH, Poulson JC Amnesic effects of diazepam drug dependence explained by state dependent learning. Scand J Psychol 23 107-111, 1982 Jensen HH, Hutchings B, Poulsen JC Conditioned emotional responding under diazepam a psychophysiological study of state-dependent learning. Psychopharmacology 98 392-397, 1989... 

Another area of interest are studies on so-called state-dependent learning and memory, i.e. the registration and retrieval of information occurring under the same or different drug treatment conditions. This constitutes a special ease of context-dependent learning and memory because it concerns the question of whether information acquired under the influence of a drug (case (1) above) can be retrieved better or worse when this same substance or placebo is administered before the retrieval phase (case (4)). 

One issue that attracted much interest some 30 years ago is state-dependent learning (SDL) and memory (p.68), which deals with the question of whether any material or behavior acquired under specific conditions (e.g. under the influence of a drug) will be accessible under different, e.g. drug-free, conditions (Weingartner, 1978). Several controlled studies on SDL, with conflicting results, were also performed in ADHD children (Spiegel 1996, p. 203) despite its potential importance, it appears that the topic has not been revisited in the last few years. 

Weingartner, H. Human state dependent learning. In Ho, B.T.. Richards, D.N., Chute, D.L. (eds) Drug Discrimination and State Dependent Learning. Academic Press, New York, 1978, pp. 361-382. 

State-dependent learning When learning under the influence of a drug is best recalled when one is in the same state (Chapter 6). 

State-dependent learning. In F. van Haaren (Ed.), Methods in behavioral pharmacology (pp. 245-256). Amsterdam Elsevier. 

Amphetamine disrupts the LI response in rats (170,171), and this is reversed by haloper idol, clozapine, and sertindole (172,173) and the 5-HT2A antagonist MDL 100,907 (174). The 5-HT, agonist DOI, when administered -in the pre-exposure phase only, disrupts LI and this disruption is prevented by haloperidol, clozapine, risperidone, and MDL 100,907 (175). This disruption could be because of effects of DOI on state-dependent learning rather than on attentional processes (175). 

The decrease in the alternation percentage observed after treatment with PCMG either before trial I or trial II cannot easily be explained by state-dependent learning , since with both trials under the influence of PCMG or scopolamine alternation is strongly suppressed as well. Only with a short intertrial interval of 1 min no decrease to chance levels of alternation was noted (Fig. 4). 

Overton, D. A. (1966). State dependent learning produced by depressant and atropine-like drugs. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.), 10,6-31. 

The molecules in a monomolecular film, especially at high surface concentrations, are often arranged in a simple manner, and much can be learned about the size, shape and orientation of the individual molecules by studying various properties of the monolayer. Monomolecular films can exist in different, two-dimensional physical states, depending mainly on the magnitude of the lateral adhesive forces between the film molecules, in much the same way as three-dimensional matter. 

Water can exist in various states, depending on its temperature, pressure, and so on. From what you have learned in Sec. 3.7, what is the state (gaseous, liquid, solid, or combinations thereof) for water at the following conditions ... 

Measurements of intramolecular vibrational redistribution and vibrational predissociation have been reported for a variety of van der Waals molecules and for a considerable range of excitation energy (relative to the van der Waals molecule binding energy). In addition several theoretical analyses of the initial state dependence of the rate of fragmentation of van der Waals molecules have been reported some of which are very sophisticated others rather simple. While much has been learned about the several phenomena cited as shown by the contributions to this Workshop, even more remains unknown. 

Chemistry can be divided (somewhat arbitrarily) into the study of structures, equilibria, and rates. Chemical structure is ultimately described by the methods of quantum mechanics equilibrium phenomena are studied by statistical mechanics and thermodynamics and the study of rates constitutes the subject of kinetics. Kinetics can be subdivided into physical kinetics, dealing with physical phenomena such as diffusion and viscosity, and chemical kinetics, which deals with the rates of chemical reactions (including both covalent and noncovalent bond changes). Students of thermodynamics learn that quantities such as changes in enthalpy and entropy depend only upon the initial and hnal states of a system consequently thermodynamics cannot yield any information about intervening states of the system. It is precisely these intermediate states that constitute the subject matter of chemical kinetics. A thorough study of any chemical reaction must therefore include structural, equilibrium, and kinetic investigations. 

That is, the change in X is the difference between its values in final and initial states. Most of the quantities that you are familiar with are state properties volume is a common example. You may be surprised to learn, however, that heat flow is not a state property its magnitude depends on how a process is carried out (Section 8.7). 

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