Pharmaceuticals caffeine

Thomas PM, Foster GD (2005) Tracking acidic pharmaceuticals, caffeine, and triclosan through TFIE wastewater treatment process. Environ Toxicol Chem 24(l) 25-30... 

Extraction of foods and pharmaceuticals Caffeine from coffee and tea Flavors, cholesterol, and fat from foods Nicotine from tobacco... 

Heparin ammonium stimulant, cell proliferation D-Panthenol DL-Panthenol stimulant, chronic bladder problems Cubeb (Piper cubeba) oil stimulant, CNS pharmaceuticals Caffeine Dimethylethanolamine stimulant, flow NR Ethephon Picloram stimulant, flow pine gum Ethephon Picloram stimulant, folk medicine Cassie (Acacia farnesiana) flowers stimulant, hair/nail growth Polysilicone-3... 

Many pharmaceutical compounds are weak acids or bases that can be analyzed by an aqueous or nonaqueous acid-base titration examples include salicylic acid, phenobarbital, caffeine, and sulfanilamide. Amino acids and proteins can be analyzed in glacial acetic acid, using HCIO4 as the titrant. For example, a procedure for determining the amount of nutritionally available protein has been developed that is based on an acid-base titration of lysine residues. ... 

Vogt, C. Conradi, S. Rhode, E. Determination of Caffeine and Other Purine Compounds in Pood and Pharmaceuticals by Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography, /. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 1126-1130. 

Uses. Although cyanoacetic acid can be used in appHcations requiring strong organic acids, its principal use is in the preparation of malonic esters and other reagents used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, eg, barbital, caffeine, and B vitamins (see Alkaloids Hypnotics Vitamins). Cyanoacetic acid can be used for the preparation of heterocycHc ketones. 

Other Uses. Other appHcations for sodium nitrite include the syntheses of saccharin [81-07-2] (see Sweeteners), synthetic caffeine [58-08-2] (22), fluoroaromatics (23), and other pharmaceuticals (qv), pesticides (qv), and organic substances as an inhibitor of polymerization (24) in the production of foam blowing agents (25) in removing H2S from natural gas (26) in textile dyeing (see Textiles) as an analytical reagent and as an antidote for cyanide poisoning (see Cyanides). 

Figure 5 Separation of pharmaceuticals, including amines, on strong cation exchange. Column 0.46 x 15 cm Merckosorb SI-60-SCX, 5 p. Eluent 50 mM aqueous ammonium formate-10% ethanol, pH 4.8. Flow 1 ml/min. Temperature 50°C. The peaks are (1) aspirin, (2) paracetamol, (3) phenacetin, (4) caffeine, (5) phenylephrine, (6) salbutamol. (Reproduced with permission of Elsevier Science from Cox, G. B., Loscombe, C. R., Slucutt, M. J., Sugden, K., and Upheld, J. A., /. Chromatogr., 117, 269, 1976).

Other methods have involved compleximetric titration, nephelom-etry, potentiometric titration, and gravimetric methods. In 1981, a paper by Mayanna and Jayaram11 outlined the determination of caffeine in a wide variety of products including pharmaceuticals and food products using sodium N-chloro-p-toluene-sulphonamide (chloramine-T) in a titri-metric procedure. 

Levine, J., Determination of caffeine in coffee products, beverages and pharmaceuticals, JAOAC, 45,254,1962. 

Herbal medications are drugs in every sense of the word. They chemically modify bodily processes and can have therapeutic or harmful effects, depending on how they are used. However, there are a few general differences between herbal and pharmaceutical drugs (Tyler 1994). Herbal drugs tend to be more dilute than pharmaceutical drugs (table 1.1). For example, caffeine is available in 200 mg tablets to produce stimulation. Coffee contains 1-2% caffeine, so in order to get the same amount of caffeine one must use 20 g of coffee bean. Similarly, aspirin is... 

Stimulant drugs commonly abused in the USA include methamphetamine ("crank," "crystal"), methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy"), and cocaine ("crack") as well as pharmaceuticals such as pseudoephedrine (Sudafed) and ephedrine (as such and in the herbal agent Ma-huang) (see Chapter 32). Caffeine is often added to dietary supplements sold as "metabolic enhancers" or "fat-burners" and is also sometimes combined with pseudoephedrine in underground pills sold as amphetamine substitutes. 

In terms of the actual substances used, only a tentative breakdown is possible as most countries do not differentiate in detail whether drug users take methamphetamine, amphetamine or other stimulants. However, Member States have repeatedly reported distinct regional characteristics to UNODC, which help establish reasonable orders of magnitude at the regional level. As an example, the information available suggests that amphetamines users in East and South-East Asia consume primarily methamphetamine while users in Europe take primarily amphetamine (with a few exceptions, notably the Czech Republic where methamphetamine is the preferred substance). Household surveys show that about half of the stimulant users in North America use methamphetamine. Captagon use, which is widespread in the Near East, basically reflects the use of amphetamine (often in combination with caffeine). In contrast, users of amphetamines in South Africa and in North Africa, seem to lean more towards methamphetamine. In addition, information available indicates that in most parts of South America, Central America, the Caribbean, in western, central and eastern Africa as well as in some parts of southern Africa and Asia, the amphetamines markets consist primarily of various diverted pharmaceutical preparations. 

As a category of alkaloids with distinctive bioactivity, methylxanthine derivatives have in recent years received increasing attention in the food and pharmaceutical industries. The most important compounds of this class, characterized by a bitter flavor, are caffeine CF, theobromine TB, and theophylline TP (Fig. 6). 

All combinations contain 300 mg acetaminophen per tablet. Other pharmaceutical companies produce similar preparations that may have slightly different amounts of acetaminophen, but the number designation and codeine quantity stay constant across brands. Some preparations also include up to 30 mg of caffeine to help counteract drowsiness from the codeine. 

Pharmaceutical companies developed diet pills with amphetamine congeners, chemicals that were similar to amphetamines. Although not as potent as amphetamines, these pills had more of an appetite-reducing effect than caffeine. 

Contents 1. Introduction 373 2. Screening for and Preparation of Cocrystal Systems 375 3. Cocrystal Systems Having Pharmaceutical Interest 377 3.1. Cocrystal systems formed by carbamazepine- type molecules 378 3.2. Cocrystal systems formed by nicotinamide with carboxylic acids 380 3.3. Cocrystal systems formed by caffeine and theophylline 382 3.4. Cocrystal systems formed by saccharin 384 3.5. Cocrystal systems formed by carboxylic acids 385 References 386... 

In a demonstration of the pharmaceutical advantage that can be realized through the use of a cocrystal form of a substance, it was shown that the 1 1 cocrystal of caffeine and methyl gallate exhibited significantly improved powder compaction properties [64], The compression characteristics of the cocrystal were reported to be excellent over the entire pressure range studied, with the tablet tensile strength of the cocrystal being twice that of caffeine at pressures less than 200 MPa. The superior compaction properties of the cocrystal product were attributed to the presence of slip planes in crystal structure. 

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