Phospholipids bacterial

Heller, D. N. Murphy, C. M. Cotter, R. I Fenselau, C. Uy, O. M. Constant neutral loss scanning for the characterization of bacterial phospholipids desorbed by fast atom bombardment. Anal. Chem. 1988,60,2787-2791. 

Fang, J. Barcelona, M. J. Structural determination and quantitative analysis of bacterial phospholipids using liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry./. Microbiol. Meth. 1998,33,23-35. 

Smith, P. B. W. Snyder, A. P. Harden, C. S. Characterization of bacterial phospholipids by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 1995, 67,1824-1830. 

Fang J, Lyon DY, Wiesner MR, Dong J, Alvarez PJJ (2007) Elfect of a fullerene water suspension on bacterial phospholipids and membrane phase behavior. Environ. Sci. Technol. 41 2636-2642. 

SFE/derivatization of several chlorinated acid pesticides (those listed in EPA method 515.1) have been performed using conditions similar to those used for the bacterial phospholipids. The derivatized products from the SFE procedure for several representative organics are shown in Figure 6. As would be expected using the TMPA/methanol reagent, the carboxylic acids form the methyl esters (2,4-D and dicamba) while the phenols form the methyl ethers (pentachlorophenol). Esters of the carboxylic acids (e.g., the di-isopropyl amine ester of 2,4-D) also form the methyl esters. For ethers, two derivatized products resulted since the ether linkage could be cleaved on either side of the oxygen and methylated as shown by acifluorfen. 

Nitrogen-free Phospholipids.—Mycobacterial phospholipids differ from those of other organisms by the absence of choline and colamine (for a review on bacterial phospholipids in general, see Ref. 36) the latter has only once been found—in a small fraction, after careful chromatography of a phospholipid of M. marianum. - ... 

Peptidolipids are also present in bioorganic materials. Hydrolysis of bacterial phospholipids, for example, frequently generates amino acids such as lysine, ornitine, and arginine. One proposed structure for this type of compound is shown below [3]. 

All PLD isozymes share two conserved HXIOQDXgGG/S sequences [1, 2], designated HKD motifs, which are required for catalytic activity. These motifs are also present in bacterial phospholipid synthases, bacterial endonucleases, pox virus envelope proteins, a murine toxin from Yersinia and tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase [1, 3], although in this latter case the motifs lack the aspartate residues. Proteins containing HKD motifs are said to comprise a PLD superfamily. 

Coenzyme Q - A recent review on biomedical aspects of coenzyme Q (55) has appeared. Earlier work had established that ubiquinones and bacterial phospholipid extracts of various sources enhance phagocytosis, stimulate non-specific host-resistancel l 142 and exert... 

Heller, D.N. Murphy, C.M. Cotter, R.J. Fenselau, C. IJy, O.M. Constant Neutral Loss Scanning for the Characterization of Bacterial Phospholipids Desorbed by Fast Atom Bombardment, Anal. Chem. 60(24), 2787-2791 (1988). 

A genus of bacteria, termed the Sphingobacterium, produces sphingolipids by a pathway similar to that in mammals. Clostridia produce plasmalogens (l-alk-l -enyl lipids) by an anaerobic pathway clearly different from the Oj-dependent pathway in mammals (Chapter 9). Branched-chain fatty acids are also found in which the methyl group is inserted post-synthetically into the middle of the chain, in a manner analogous to cyclopropane fatty acid synthesis (Section 5.5). S-adenosylmethionine is also the methyl donor for these reactions. The biochemistry surrounding the formation of these and many other bacterial phospholipids remains to be elucidated. 

Figure 19.4 Synthesis of polar head groups of bacterial phospholipids. 

Houtsmuller, U. M. T., and L. L. M. van Deenen Identification of a bacterial phospholipid as an 0-ornithine ester of phosphatidyl glycerol. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 70, 211 (1963). 

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