Phagocytosis of apoptotic cells

Takahashi, M. and Kobayashi, Y., Cytokine production in association with phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by immature dendritic cells, Cell. Immunol. 226, 2, 105, 2003. 

Fadok, V.A., de Cathelineau, A., Daleke, D.L., Henson, P.M. and Bratton, D.L., 2001, Loss of phosphohpid asymmetry and surface exposure of phosphatidylserine is required for phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages and fibroblasts. J. Biol Chem., 276 1071-1077. 

Chang, G.H., Barbara, N.M., and Pieper, R.O., 2000, Phosphatidylserine-dependent phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by normal human microgha, astrocytes, and glioma cells, Neuro-oncol. 2 174-183. 

Human CD14 mediates recognition and phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. Nature 392 505-508. 

H8. Herrmann, M., Voll, R. E., Zoller, O. M., Hagenhofer, M., Ponner, B. B., and Kalden, J. R., Impaired phagocytosis of apoptotic cell material by monocyte-derived macrophages from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 41, 1241-1250 (1998). 

Franc N. C., Heitzler R, Ezekowitz R. A. and White K. (1999) Requirement for croquemort in phagocytosis of apoptotic cells in Drosophila. Science 284, 1991-1994. 

The mouse homologue, MFG-E8, plays a direct role in apoptosis as MFG — mice are defective in the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by... 

Madema P, Godson C (2005) Taking insult from injury lipoxins and lipoxin receptor agonists and phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 73 179—187... 

Maderna R Godson C (2003) Phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and the resolution of inflammation. Biochim Biophys Acta 1639 141-151... 

Miller YI, Viriyakosol S, Binder CJ, et al. (2(X)3b) Minimally modified LDL binds to CD 14, induces macrophage spreading via TLR4/MD-2, and inhibits phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. J Biol Chem 278 1561-1568... 

Fadok, V A, Warner, M L, Bratton, D L, and Henson, P M, CD36 is requiredfor phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by human macrophages that use either a phosphatidylserine receptor or the vitronectin receptor ( alpha v beta 3), J. Immunol. 161 (1998) 6250-6257. 

Greenberg, M E, Sun, M, Zhang, R, Febbraio, M, Silverstein, R, and Hazen, S L, Oxidized phosphatidylserine-CD36 interactions play an essential role in macrophage-dependent phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, J. Exp. Med. 203 (2006) 2613-2625. 

Platt, N, da Silva, R P, and Gordon, S, Recognizing death The phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. Trends Cell Biol. 8 (1998) 365-372. 

Phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages leads to the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines as a way of preventing inflammation. Kurosaka et al. [79] have demonstrated that human serum potentiates the production of two anti-inflammatory cytokines, IL-10 and TGF-J3, by both TPA-treated THP-1 cells and human monocyte-derived macrophages. This enhanced response to the presence of apoptotic cells also results in the suppression of the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-8. In addition, human IgG and FcyRI appear to be critical in triggering the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines by macrophages in response to apoptotic cells. 

In the early stages of apoptosis, plasma membrane alterations occur at the cell surface, and PS translocates from the inner side to the outer layer of the plasma membrane. PS and phosphatidylethanolamine are actively confined to the inner cytofacial leaflet of the plasma membrane by the aminophospholipid translocase. This has been identified as a trigger for stimulation of the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages, thus preventing secondary necrosis and inflammation of the surrounding tissue. 

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