Apoptotic cells phagocytosis

Takahashi, M. and Kobayashi, Y., Cytokine production in association with phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by immature dendritic cells, Cell. Immunol. 226, 2, 105, 2003. 

Fadok, V.A., de Cathelineau, A., Daleke, D.L., Henson, P.M. and Bratton, D.L., 2001, Loss of phosphohpid asymmetry and surface exposure of phosphatidylserine is required for phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages and fibroblasts. J. Biol Chem., 276 1071-1077. 

Chang, G.H., Barbara, N.M., and Pieper, R.O., 2000, Phosphatidylserine-dependent phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by normal human microgha, astrocytes, and glioma cells, Neuro-oncol. 2 174-183. 

Human CD14 mediates recognition and phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. Nature 392 505-508. 

Inactivation of the enzyme involved in cell adhesion (focal adhesion kinase) allows the cell to separate from the extracellular matrix. Changes to the cell surface, resulting in phosphatidyl serine externals a tion on the plasma membrane and external accumulation of sterols, allow the apoptotic cell to be recognized and eventually removed by phagocytosis. 

Nucleosomes also play a role in decreased apoptotic cell removal. Nucleosomes can induce a strong, dose-dependent inhibition of phagocytosis of apoptotic thymocytes by young, preautoimmune macrophages of MRL+/+ mice (LI). 

H8. Herrmann, M., Voll, R. E., Zoller, O. M., Hagenhofer, M., Ponner, B. B., and Kalden, J. R., Impaired phagocytosis of apoptotic cell material by monocyte-derived macrophages from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 41, 1241-1250 (1998). 

Franc N. C., Heitzler R, Ezekowitz R. A. and White K. (1999) Requirement for croquemort in phagocytosis of apoptotic cells in Drosophila. Science 284, 1991-1994. 

The mouse homologue, MFG-E8, plays a direct role in apoptosis as MFG — mice are defective in the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by... 

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