Phaeocystis

Ploug, H., Stolte, W. and Jorgensen, B. B. (1999). Diffusive boundary layers of the colony-forming plankton alga Phaeocystis sp - implications for nutrient uptake and cellular growth, Limnol. Oceanogr., 44, 1959-1967. 

Liss PS, Malin G, Turner SM, Holligan PM (1994) Dimethyl sulphide and Phaeocystis a review. J Mar Syst 5 41-53... 

Nishiguchi MK, Somero GN (1992) Temperature- and concentration-dependence of compatibility ofthe organic osmolyte P-dimethylsulfoniopropionate. Cryobiology 29 118-124 Noordkamp D, Gieskes W, Gottschal J, Forney L, van Rijssel M (2000) Acrylate in Phaeocystis colonies does not affect surrounding bacteria. J Sea Res 43 287-296 Otte ML, Morris JT (1994) Dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP) in Spartina altemiflora Loisel. Aquat Bot 48 239-259... 

Ross C, Van Alstyne KL (2007) Intraspecific variation in stress-induced hydrogen peroxide scavenging by the ulvoid macroalga Ulva lactuca. J Phycol 43 466-474 Sieburth JMN (1960) Acrylic acid, and antibiotic principle in Phaeocystis blooms in Antarctic waters. Science 132 676-677... 

Stefels J, Dijkhuizen L (1996) Characteristics of DMSP-lyase in Phaeocystis sp. (Prymnesio-phyceae). Mar Ecol Prog Ser 131 307-313... 

Nanoplankton 2.0 to 20 jjum Protists Mycoplankton Phytoplankton Amoebae, flagellates, Euglenozoa, dinoflagellates Yeasts and fungi Coccolithophorids, Phaeocystis, dinoflagellates ... 

Microplankton 20 to 200 jjum Protists Phytoplankton Radiolarians, foraminiferans Diatoms, raphidophytes, Phaeocystis ... 

Some species of dinoflagellates are not photosynthett. Some species are mixotropht. Phaeocystis bboms form large colonies. 

Phytoplankton DMS producers <20 Phaeocystis and small autotrophic flagellates Produce dimethylsulfoniopro-pionate (DMSP) and convert it into DMS using an extracellular enzyme (DMSPIyase). Thus, they affect the atmospheric sulfur cycle. Have high P requirement Particularly abundant in coastal areas, where they are often observed in colonies. Calcifiers are also important for the DMS cycle... 

Increase in frequency of harmful algal blooms such as Phaeocystis in Baitic Sea. 

Marine microalgae such as Phaeocystis pouchetti produce dimethyl sulfide and release it into the air, where it can persist for hours or days. Dimethyl Sulfide is... 

Billen, G., and A. Fontigny. 1987. Dynamics of a Phaeocystis dominated spring bloom in Belgian coastal waters. II. Bacterioplankton dynamics. Marine Ecology Progress Series 37 249-257. 

Janse, I., M. van Rijssel, A. Ottema, and J. C. Gottschalk. 1999. Microbial breakdown of Phaeocystis mucopolysaccharides. Limnology and Oceanography 44 1447-1457. 

Osinga, R., K. A. de Vries, W. E. Lewis, W. von Raaphorst, L. Dijkhuizen, and F. C. von Duyl. 1997. Aerobic degradation of phytoplankton debris dominated by Phaeocystis sp. in different physiological stages of growth. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 12 11-19. 

DMS is produced in oceanic waters by benthic and to a greater extent by planktonic marine algae (22), suggesting that it is ubiquitous in the surface ocean (20.69-71.75.79.801. Its distribution has been characterized by "hot spots" with high DMS concentrations superimposed on more or less constant level of approximately 1-3 nM. These high concentrations, hot spots, may be the result of blooms of e.g. Phaeocystis poucheti, which are known to produce DMS. The most comprehensive survey relating DMS and its precursor DMSP (dimethyl-... 

Figure 5. Relationship between total DMSP and cell carbon for Phaeocystis pouchetu and Gyrodinium aureolum, where the two species constituted >70% and >80% by carbon of the total phytoplankton biomass respectively.

Figure 6. Relationships of particulate DMSP, dissolved DMSP and total DMSP with DMS for the southern North Sea in May 1986 where Phaeocystis pouchetii was prevalent...

Figure 8. Diet variations of dissolved DMSP, particulate DMSP and DMS in a parcel of water (3m depth) tracked using a drogue buoy off the north of Holland in May 1986 where Phaeocystis pouchetti was dominant (average chlorophyll a concentration was 30mg nr3.

Very high primary productivity rates have been reported for the coastal and inshore areas around tne Antarctic continent (5.6). Recently, high densities of phytoplankton species like Phaeocystis poucheti, which is known to be an important source for marine DMS (7.8) have been observed in the same areas (2). On the other hand, strong winds which are associated with the intensive... 

Dimethyl sulphide (DMS) is produced in sea-water as a consequence of enzymatic action in phytoplankton and zooplankton grazing. Measurements of DMS indicate an average global sea-to-air flux of 40 Tg of sulphur per year (1.3). Instantaneous emission rates to the atmosphere, however, can vary considerably, and depend on the nature and concentration of the phytoplankton, the time of year and the prevailing meteorology. For example, nigh concentrations of Phaeocystis, a prolific producer of DMS, have been found in the North Sea and when it blooms, emissions of DMS may increase by a factor of 40-60 over those in the absence of blooms (4). The sea-to-air flux is also dependent on the depth at which the phytoplankton is found since DMS is slightly soluble in water and can be oxidized in aqueous solution. 

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